scholarly journals Symbiosis-Specific Expression of Two Medicago truncatula Nodulin Genes, MtN1 and MtN13, Encoding Products Homologous to Plant Defense Proteins

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Gamas ◽  
Françoise de Billy ◽  
Georges Truchet
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Nodulin Genes

Two Medicago truncatula nodulin genes putatively encoding proteins structurally related to two classes of proteins commonly associated with plant defense reactions have been characterized. MtN1 is homologous to two small, cysteine-rich, pathogen-inducible proteins from pea (pI39 and pI230), whereas MtN13 is closely related to the PR10 family of pathogenesis-related proteins. We show that neither MtN1 nor MtN13 is induced in leaves in response to pathogenic bacteria, and that both are exclusively expressed during nodulation. In situ hybridization experiments as well as Northern (RNA) studies of interactions between M. truncatula and either wild-type Rhizobium meliloti or mutants deficient in infection establish that MtN1 is associated with the infection process, while MtN13 represents the first specific marker described for the nodule outer cortex. Possible roles for MtN1 and MtN13 are discussed. We also present the identification of another member of the PR10 family, designated as MtPR10-1, whose regulation is strikingly different from that observed for MtN13, being constitutively expressed in roots and pathogen-inducible in leaves.

scholarly journals The two paralogous kiwellin proteins KWL1 and KWL1-b from maize are structurally related and have overlapping functions in plant defense

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (23) ◽  
pp. 7816-7825
Author(s):  
Florian Altegoer ◽  
Paul Weiland ◽  
Pietro Ivan Giammarinaro ◽  
Sven-Andreas Freibert ◽  
Lynn Binnebesel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Chorismate Mutase ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Defense Proteins

Many plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi deploy effector proteins that down-regulate plant defense responses and reprogram plant metabolism for colonization and survival in planta. Kiwellin (KWL) proteins are a widespread family of plant-defense proteins that target these microbial effectors. The KWL1 protein from maize (corn, Zea mays) specifically inhibits the enzymatic activity of the secreted chorismate mutase Cmu1, a virulence-promoting effector of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis. In addition to KWL1, 19 additional KWL paralogs have been identified in maize. Here, we investigated the structure and mechanism of the closest KWL1 homolog, KWL1-b (ZEAMA_GRMZM2G305329). We solved the Cmu1–KWL1-b complex to 2.75 Å resolution, revealing a highly symmetric Cmu1–KWL1-b heterotetramer in which each KWL1-b monomer interacts with a monomer of the Cmu1 homodimer. The structure also revealed that the overall architecture of the heterotetramer is highly similar to that of the previously reported Cmu1–KWL1 complex. We found that upon U. maydis infection of Z. mays, KWL1-b is expressed at significantly lower levels than KWL1 and exhibits differential tissue-specific expression patterns. We also show that KWL1-b inhibits Cmu1 activity similarly to KWL1. We conclude that KWL1 and KWL1-b are part of a redundant defense system that tissue-specifically targets Cmu1. This notion was supported by the observation that both KWL proteins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with distinct and likely tissue-related specificities. Moreover, binding by Cmu1 modulated the carbohydrate-binding properties of both KWLs. These findings indicate that KWL proteins are part of a spatiotemporally coordinated, plant-wide defense response comprising proteins with overlapping activities.

scholarly journals The Medicago truncatula MtAnn1 Gene Encoding an Annexin Is Induced by Nod Factors and During the Symbiotic Interaction with Rhizobium meliloti

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda de Carvalho Niebel ◽  
Nicole Lescure ◽  
Julie V. Cullimore ◽  
Pascal Gamas
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Infection Threads

Here we report the characterization of a new Nod factor-induced gene from Medicago truncatula identified by mRNA differential display. This gene, designated MtAnn1, encodes a protein homologous to the annexin family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins. We further show that the MtAnn1 gene is also induced during symbiotic associations with Rhizobium meliloti, both at early stages in bacterial-inoculated roots and in nodule structures. By in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that MtAnn1 expression in nodules is mainly associated with the distal region of invasion zone II not containing infection threads, revealing MtAnn1 as a new marker gene of the pre-infection zone. Moreover, analyses of MtAnn1 expression in response to bacterial symbiotic mutants suggest that the expression of MtAnn1 during nodulation requires biologically active Nod factors and is independent of the infection process.

Molecular genetic basis of Rhizobium–legume interactions

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 350-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kondorosi ◽  
E. Kondorosi ◽  
Z. Györgypal ◽  
Z. Banfalvi ◽  
J. Gyuris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Nodulation Genes ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis ◽  
Plant Signals ◽  
Nodulin Genes ◽  
Fix Genes

Recognition of the appropriate legume and nodule induction are controlled by common (nod) and host-specific nodulation (hsn) genes in Rhizobium. The nod and hsn genes are activated by the product of the regulatory nodD in conjunction with specific flavonoids excreted by the plant. Differences in the flavonoid specificity of the NodD proteins occur between different Rhizobium species, or between strains of a given species or even within one strain containing several copies of the nodD gene. Accordingly, the nodD gene controls the host-specific expression of nod and hsn genes. In addition, the nodulation genes are under not only positive but also negative regulation which is mediated by a nod-specific repressor protein. This dual control is required for optimal nodulation of the plant host. Further steps in nodule development are again controlled by the infecting Rhizobium. It was found that at least four different classes of Rhizobium fix genes are involved directly or indirectly in the expression of late nodulin genes, finally leading to the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.Key words: Rhizobium meliloti, nodulation genes, plant signals, fix genes, alfalfa.

Expression analysis of the Medicago truncatula floral specific expression genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-634
Author(s):  
Li-Chao MA ◽  
Yan-Rong WANG ◽  
Zhi-Peng LIU
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression

Plant Defense Responses in Medicago truncatula Unveiled by Microarray Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Curto ◽  
Franziska Krajinski ◽  
Helge Küster ◽  
Diego Rubiales
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses

P313ADGRL2 is an essential surface molecule for cardiac lineage specification and heart development

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Cho ◽  
C S Lee ◽  
J W Lee ◽  
H M Yang ◽  
H S Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Refractive Index Matching ◽  
Cardiac Lineage ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

Abstract Background Specific surface markers that enable monitoring of cell subsets would be valuable for establishing the conditions under which pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) differentiate into cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMCs). Methods and results To verify whether a specific marker is expressed during heart development, we assessed its expression using the CLARITY technique. After immersion in a solution with a refractive index matching that of the CLARITY hybrid, the mouse embryo became transparent. After immunostaining the cleared embryo sample, Adgrl2 was exclusively observed in cardiac cells expressing α-SA at embryonic day E9.5 and E10.5. Our clarified 3D images and movies show that four chambers of the heart are fully developed at E10.5 but not at E9.5. At E9.5, Adgrl2 is observed at the ventricle and atrium, while Adgrl2 is present in all chambers of the heart at E10.5. Next, we performed LacZ (β-Gal) staining in heterozygous Adgrl2 KO embryos to evaluate Adgrl2 expression. As a result, LacZ staining showed that Adgrl2 was predominantly expressed in the heart during the embryonic developmental stage. Adgrl2 knockout in mice was embryonically lethal because of severe heart, but not vascular, defects. To examine the use of Adgrl2 as a bona fide CPC marker during heart development, we tracked Adgrl2 expression during early embryonic development. The heart of Adgrl2−/− embryos at E10.5 exhibited occlusion of the RV, and the expression levels of Gata4 and Nkx2.5 were not as high as those in wild-type and Adgrl2+/− embryos. Interestingly, the heart of Adgrl2−/− embryos, unlike those of wild-type and Adgrl2+/− embryos between E13.5 and E15.5 had a single ventricle revealing a ventricular septal defect. The specific expression pattern of Adgrl2 in PSC-derived cardiac lineage cells as well as in embryonic heart, adult mice, and human heart tissues. Conclusion We demonstrate that Adgrl2 plays a pivotal and functional role across all strata of the cardiomyogenic lineage, as early as the precursor stage of heart development. These findings shed light on heart development and regeneration. Acknowledgement/Funding Grants from “Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy” (grant number: HI17C2085) and “Korea Research-Driven Hospital” (HI14C1277)

scholarly journals in vivo gene expression and the adaptive response: from pathogenesis to vaccines and antimicrobials

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1397) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Heithoff ◽  
Robert L. Sinsheimer ◽  
David A. Low ◽  
Michael J. Mahan
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Dna Adenine Methylase

Microbial pathogens possess a repertoire of virulence determinants that each make unique contributions to fitness during infection. Analysis of these in vivo –expressed functions reveals the biology of the infection process, encompassing the bacterial infection strategies and the host ecological and environmental retaliatory strategies designed to combat them (e.g. thermal, osmotic, oxygen, nutrient and acid stress). Many of the bacterial virulence functions that contribute to a successful infection are normally only expressed during infection. A genetic approach was used to isolate mutants that ectopically expressed many of these functions in a laboratory setting. Lack of DNA adenine methylase (Dam) in Salmonella typhimurium abolishes the preferential expression of many bacterial virulence genes in host tissues. Dam − Salmonella were proficient in colonization of mucosal sites but were defective in colonization of deeper tissue sites. Additionally, Dam − mutants were totally avirulent and effective as live vaccines against murine typhoid fever. Since dam is highly conserved in many pathogenic bacteria that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, Dams are potentially excellent targets for both vaccines and antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome Profiling Reveals a Novel Family of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal-Specific Medicago truncatula Lectin Genes

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 771-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Frenzel ◽  
Katja Manthey ◽  
Andreas M. Perlick ◽  
Folker Meyer ◽  
Alfred Pühler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cdna Library ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Transgenic Roots ◽  
Lectin Genes

The large majority of plants are capable of undergoing a tight symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. During this symbiosis, highly specialized new structures called arbuscules are formed within the host cells, indicating that, during interaction with AM fungi, plants express AM-specific genetic programs. Despite increasing efforts, the number of genes known to be induced in the AM symbiosis is still low. In order to identify novel AM-induced genes which have not been listed before, 5,646 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from two Medicago truncatula cDNA libraries: a random cDNA library (MtAmp) and a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library (MtGim), the latter being designed to enhance the cloning of mycorrhiza-upregulated genes. In silico expression analysis was applied to identify those tentative consensus sequences (TCs) of The Institute for Genomic Research M. truncatula gene index (MtGI) that are composed exclusively of ESTs deriving from the MtGim or MtAmp library, but not from any other cDNA library of the MtGI. This search revealed 115 MtAmp- or MTGim-specific TCs. For the majority of these TCs with sequence similarities to plant genes, the AM-specific expression was verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Annotation of the novel genes induced in mycorrhizal roots suggested their involvement in different transport as well as signaling processes and revealed a novel family of AM-specific lectin genes. The expression of reporter gene fusions in transgenic roots revealed an arbuscule-related expression of two members of the lectin gene family, indicating a role for AM-specific lectins during arbuscule formation or functioning.

scholarly journals Increased expression of HSP70 by colon cancer cells is not always associated with access to the dendritic cell cross-presentation pathway

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Matera ◽  
Sarah Forno ◽  
Alessandra Galetto ◽  
Francesco Moro ◽  
Stefano Garetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemokine Receptors ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocyte ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Ctl Response ◽  
Cross Presentation ◽  
Presentation Pathway

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells endowed with the unique ability to not only present exogenous antigens upon exposure to MHC II, but also to cross-present these upon exposure to MHC I. This property was exploited to generate the tumor-specific CD8 cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response in DCs-based cancer vaccine protocols. In this context, the source of tumor antigens remains a critical challenge. A crude tumor in the context of danger signals is believed to represent an efficient source of tumor antigens (TAs) for DCs loading. In our previous work, increased DCs cross-presentation of antigens from necrotic gastric carcinoma cells paralleled up-regulation of the heat shock protein hsp70. We studied the expression of hsp70 on primary colon carcinoma cells and its relevance in the cross-priming of anti-tumor CTL by tumor-loaded DCs. Hsp70 was expressed on all three of the tumors studied, but was never detected in the peritumoral normal mucosa (NM). The uptake of the tumor induced a trend towards down-modulation of the monocyte-specific marker CD14, but had no effect on the chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR7. The IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELIspot) showed cross-priming of CTL by tumor-loaded but not NM-loaded DCs in four of the six cases studied. The CTL response generated in DC+tumor cultures was directed towards the tumor, but not towards NM, and it was characterized by refractoriness to polyclonal (Ca ionophores, PKC activators) stimuli. Of the three CTL-generating tumors, only one expressed hsp70. This data indicates a tumor-specific expression of hsp70, but does not support its relevance in the DC cross-presentation of TAs.

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