scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome Profiling Reveals a Novel Family of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal-Specific Medicago truncatula Lectin Genes

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 771-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Frenzel ◽  
Katja Manthey ◽  
Andreas M. Perlick ◽  
Folker Meyer ◽  
Alfred Pühler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cdna Library ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Transgenic Roots ◽  
Lectin Genes

The large majority of plants are capable of undergoing a tight symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. During this symbiosis, highly specialized new structures called arbuscules are formed within the host cells, indicating that, during interaction with AM fungi, plants express AM-specific genetic programs. Despite increasing efforts, the number of genes known to be induced in the AM symbiosis is still low. In order to identify novel AM-induced genes which have not been listed before, 5,646 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from two Medicago truncatula cDNA libraries: a random cDNA library (MtAmp) and a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library (MtGim), the latter being designed to enhance the cloning of mycorrhiza-upregulated genes. In silico expression analysis was applied to identify those tentative consensus sequences (TCs) of The Institute for Genomic Research M. truncatula gene index (MtGI) that are composed exclusively of ESTs deriving from the MtGim or MtAmp library, but not from any other cDNA library of the MtGI. This search revealed 115 MtAmp- or MTGim-specific TCs. For the majority of these TCs with sequence similarities to plant genes, the AM-specific expression was verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Annotation of the novel genes induced in mycorrhizal roots suggested their involvement in different transport as well as signaling processes and revealed a novel family of AM-specific lectin genes. The expression of reporter gene fusions in transgenic roots revealed an arbuscule-related expression of two members of the lectin gene family, indicating a role for AM-specific lectins during arbuscule formation or functioning.

scholarly journals Haustorium Formation in Medicago truncatula Roots Infected by Phytophthora palmivora Does Not Involve the Common Endosymbiotic Program Shared by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rik Huisman ◽  
Klaas Bouwmeester ◽  
Marijke Brattinga ◽  
Francine Govers ◽  
Ton Bisseling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Membrane Compartment ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Genes

In biotrophic plant-microbe interactions, microbes infect living plant cells, in which they are hosted in a novel membrane compartment, the host-microbe interface. To create a host-microbe interface, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia make use of the same endosymbiotic program. It is a long-standing hypothesis that pathogens make use of plant proteins that are dedicated to mutualistic symbiosis to infect plants and form haustoria. In this report, we developed a Phytophthora palmivora pathosystem to study haustorium formation in Medicago truncatula roots. We show that P. palmivora does not require host genes that are essential for symbiotic infection and host-microbe interface formation to infect Medicago roots and form haustoria. Based on these findings, we conclude that P. palmivora does not hijack the ancient intracellular accommodation program used by symbiotic microbes to form a biotrophic host-microbe interface.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants Mediated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Cheng ◽  
Ying-Ning Zou ◽  
Kamil Kuča ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symbiotic Association

Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses during their life cycle, among which drought stress is perhaps the most significant abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, a group of beneficial soil fungi, can enhance the adaptability and tolerance of their host plants to drought stress after infecting plant roots and establishing a symbiotic association with their host plant. Therefore, AM fungi represent an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. There is still a need, however, to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhancement of plant drought tolerance to ensure their effective use. AM fungi establish well-developed, extraradical hyphae on root surfaces, and function in water absorption and the uptake and transfer of nutrients into host cells. Thus, they participate in the physiology of host plants through the function of specific genes encoded in their genome. AM fungi also modulate morphological adaptations and various physiological processes in host plants, that help to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Several AM-specific host genes have been identified and reported to be responsible for conferring enhanced drought tolerance. This review provides an overview of the effect of drought stress on the diversity and activity of AM fungi, the symbiotic relationship that exists between AM fungi and host plants under drought stress conditions, elucidates the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhanced drought tolerance in plants, and provides an outlook for future research.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase Pb uptake of colonized and non-colonized Medicago truncatula root and deliver extra Pb to colonized root

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Zhang ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Yaru Zheng ◽  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System

Abstract Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiosis with terrestrial plants and improve lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in root than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct contribution of the mycorrhizal pathway to host plant Pb uptake was less reported. Methods In this study, the AM fungi colonized and non-colonized root of Medicago truncatula was separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application was compared. Results Inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis increased shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration, and decreased both colonized and non-colonized root biomass accumulation. Application of Pb in the non-colonized root compartment increased the colonization rate of R. irregularis and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartment. Inoculation of R. irregularis increased the Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized plant root, while R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root. The Pb transferred through the mycorrhizal pathway had low mobility move from root to shoot, and might be sequestrated and compartmented by R. irregularis. Conclusions The Pb uptake of plant root might follow water flow that facilitated by the aquaporin MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Pb Uptake of Colonized and Non-Colonized Medicago truncatula Root and Deliver Extra Pb to Colonized Root Segment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Zhang ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Yaru Zheng ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
Manzhe Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Root Segment ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Split Root System ◽  
Long Term Impact

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiosis and improve the lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in roots than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct and long-term impact of AM fungi on plant Pb uptake has been rarely reported. In this study, AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) colonized and non-colonized roots of Medicago truncatula were separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application were compared. The shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration were increased after R. irregularis inoculation, whereas the biomass of both colonized and non-colonized roots was decreased. Lead application in the non-colonized root compartment increased the R. irregularis colonization rate and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartments. Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation increased Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized roots, and R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root segment. The Pb transferred through the colonized root segment had low mobility and might be sequestrated and compartmented in the root by R. irregularis. The Pb uptake of roots might follow water flow, which is facilitated by MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via the mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

scholarly journals Conservation and host-specific expression of non-tandemly repeated heterogenous ribosome RNA gene in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Maeda ◽  
Yuuki Kobayashi ◽  
Tomomi Nakagawa ◽  
Tatsuhiro Ezawa ◽  
Katsushi Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Cyanidioschyzon Merolae ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Repeated Structure ◽  
Multiple Domains

AbstractThe ribosomal RNA-encoding gene (rDNA) has a characteristic genomic nature: tens to thousands of copies in a genome, tandemly repeated structure, and intragenomic sequence homogeneity. These features contribute to ribosome productivity via physiological and evolutionary processes. We reported previously the exceptional absence of these features in the model arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Here we examine the phylogenetic distribution of the exceptional rDNA features in the genus Rhizophagus via improving the genome sequence of R. clarus. Cross-species comparison indicated similarity of their rDNAs not only in the genomic features but also in the distribution of intragenomic polymorphic sites on the paralogs. Ribosomal RNA comprises multiple domains with different functions. The two Rhizophagus species commonly exhibited a variation enrichment site, ES27L, which is related to translational fidelity and antibiotic sensitivity. Variation enrichment on ES27L has not been observed in other organisms lacking the three rDNA features such as malaria parasites and Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Expression profiling of rDNAs in R. irregularis revealed that rDNA paralogs are expressed differently in association with host plant species. Our results suggest a broad distribution of the disarranged rDNA across AM fungi and its involvement in the successful association with the broad range of host species.

scholarly journals A Phosphate-Dependent Requirement for Transcription Factors IPD3 and IPD3L During Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Medicago truncatula

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1290
Author(s):  
Penelope L. Lindsay ◽  
Brandon N. Williams ◽  
Allyson MacLean ◽  
Maria J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Symbiotic Gene ◽  
Am Symbiosis

During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, activation of a symbiosis signaling pathway induces gene expression necessary for accommodation of AM fungi. Here, we focus on pathway components Medicago truncatula INTERACTING PROTEIN OF DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3 (IPD3) and IPD3 LIKE (IPD3L), which are potential orthologs of Lotus japonicus CYCLOPS, a transcriptional regulator essential for AM symbiosis. In the double mutant ipd3 ipd3l, hyphal entry through the epidermis and overall colonization levels are reduced relative to the wild type but fully developed arbuscules are present in the cortex. In comparison with the wild type, colonization of ipd3 ipd3l is acutely sensitive to higher phosphate levels in the growth medium, with a disproportionate decrease in epidermal penetration, overall colonization, and symbiotic gene expression. When constitutively expressed in ipd3 ipd3l, an autoactive DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3 induces the expression of transcriptional regulators REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA 1 and REQUIRED for ARBUSCULE DEVELOPMENT 1, providing a possible avenue for arbuscule development in the absence of IPD3 and IPD3L. An increased sensitivity of ipd3 ipd3l to GA3 suggests an involvement of DELLA. The data reveal partial redundancy in the symbiosis signaling pathway, which may ensure robust signaling in low-phosphorus environments, while IPD3 and IPD3L maintain signaling in higher-phosphorus environments. The latter may buffer the pathway from short-term variation in phosphorus levels encountered by roots during growth in heterogeneous soil environments.

scholarly journals Agrobacterium rhizogenes—mediated transformation ofPisum sativumL. roots as a tool for studying the mycorrhizal and root nodule symbioses

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina V. Leppyanen ◽  
Anna N. Kirienko ◽  
Elena A. Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Rhizogenes ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Transgenic Roots ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Green Fluorescent

In this study, we demonstrated the successful transformation of two pea (Pisum sativumL.) cultivars usingAgrobacterium rhizogenes, whereby transgenic roots in the resulting composite plants showed expression of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein. Subsequent to infection withA. rhizogenes, approximately 70%–80% of pea seedlings developed transgenic hairy roots. We found out that the transgenic roots can be efficiently nodulated byRhizobium leguminosarumbv.viciaeand infected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusRhizophagus irregularis. The morphology of nodules in the transgenic roots was found to be identical to that of nodules observed in wild-type roots, and we also observed the effective induction of markers typical of the symbiotic association with AM fungi. The convenient protocol for highly efficientA. rhizogenes-mediated transformation developed in this study would be a rapid and effective tool for investigating those genes involved in the development of the two types of symbioses found in pea plants.

Expression analysis of the Medicago truncatula floral specific expression genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-634
Author(s):  
Li-Chao MA ◽  
Yan-Rong WANG ◽  
Zhi-Peng LIU
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression

scholarly journals Tracking of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Effects on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plant Growth, Pigments, Mineral Content and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Reda E. Abdelhameed ◽  
Nagwa I. Abu-Elsaad ◽  
Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef ◽  
Rabab A. Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Nanocrystalline Structure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
The Impact

Important gaps in knowledge remain regarding the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) for plants, particularly the existence of helpful microorganisms, for instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in the soil. Hence, more profound studies are required to distinguish the impact of NPs on plant growth inoculated with AM fungi and their role in NP uptake to develop smart nanotechnology implementations in crop improvement. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) NPs are prepared via the citrate technique and defined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as transmission electron microscopy for several physical properties. The analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed the creation of a nanocrystalline structure with a crystallite size equal to 25.4 nm. The effects of ZnFe2O4 NP on AM fungi, growth and pigment content as well as nutrient uptake of pea (Pisum sativum) plants were assessed. ZnFe2O4 NP application caused a slight decrease in root colonization. However, its application showed an augmentation of 74.36% and 91.89% in AM pea plant shoots and roots’ fresh weights, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the synthesized ZnFe2O4 NP uptake by plant roots and their contents were enhanced by AM fungi. These findings suggest the safe use of ZnFe2O4 NPs in nano-agricultural applications for plant development with AM fungi.

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