scholarly journals First Report of Pine Wilt Disease on Pinus koraiensis in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1251-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Han ◽  
Y.-J. Chung ◽  
S.-C. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pine Wilt

Pine wilt disease is one of the most important forest tree diseases, especially in the East Asian countries of Japan, China, and Korea. The causal agent, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (3), is transmitted by the insect vectors, pine sawyer beetles (Monochamus spp.). The vectors mainly attack coniferous trees and the infected trees die within several weeks. In Korea, pine wilt disease was first reported in Busan City in 1988, and now, the damaged area covers 7,820 ha and more than 60 cities in Korea. The main host trees are Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii, which are the most common pines distributed in Korea. In 2006, however, we found pine wilt disease in a forest of P. koraiensis located in Gwangju City in Gyeonggi Province. Symptoms were systemic and leaves turned brown or yellowish. Wood samples were collected from the affected trees, and nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann's funnel method. After 24 h, nematodes were collected from wood chips, and morphology was observed with an inverted light microscope (Leica DE/DMI 3000B, Wetzlar, Germany). Morphology was characterized by a typical Aphelenchoid-type esophagus, head constriction, female vulva flap, female tail, and a male spicule shape similar to B. xylophilus. For more accurate identification, DNA was extracted from individual nematodes with a DNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 and 5.8S regions were amplified by PCR (1). Sequenced nucleotide information was compared with the sequences of B. xylophilus already reported in GenBank (Accession Nos. AB294736, AB277208, AM 157747, AY 347913, and BXU92464). ITS DNA sequences of the nematode from Korean pine was >99% identical to B. xylophilus in GenBank. The B. xylophilus from Korean pine tree was also successfully cultured in Botrytis cinerea medium and pathogenicity was tested from June to October 2007. More than 95% mortality was observed with the inoculation of 20 replicate 15-year-old trees of P. koraiensis and P. densiflora with 15,000 nematodes per tree. Therefore, we confirmed that pine wilt disease occurred in P. koraiensis in Korea. P. koraiensis is an endemic species in Korea and distribution is limited to the northern Korean Peninsula and some locations in Russia. It has been shown that P. koraiensis is susceptible to the pine wood nematode by an inoculation test in Japan (2); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of pine wilt disease on P. koraiensis under field conditions in Korea. References: (1) W. K. Burgermeister et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 13:29, 2005. (2) K. Futai and T. Furuno. Bull. Kyoto Univ. For. 51:3, 1979. (3) G. Steiner and E. M. Buhrer. J. Agr. Res. 48:946, 1934.

scholarly journals First Report of Bursaphelenchus pinophilus on Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis)

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1354-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Han ◽  
Y.-J. Chung ◽  
S.-C. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pine Wilt

The genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 contains approximately 90 species (3) that are morphologically similar. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (4) Nickle, 1970, is the causal organism of pine wilt disease and accurate identification is essential for diagnosis of the disease. In Korea, pine wilt disease was first reported in 1988 and devastated 6,800 ha of pine forest through 2008. For a survey of trees with pine wilt disease, wood samples were taken randomly from dead Pinus koraiensis in Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province in Korea. The extracted nematodes from dead trees were maintained in culture on Botrytis cinerea and morphological characteristics were observed with an inverted light microscope (Leica DE/DMI 3000B). Identification of Bursaphelenchus spp. based on morphological characteristics is difficult, especially for identification of juveniles that carry few morphological features for species identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in ribosomal DNA provides useful molecular diagnostic markers for this genus (1). The nematodes were provisionally identified as Bursaphelenchus pinophilus based on the characteristic long and arcuate body shape, male spicule with distinctive rostrum and small cucullus, female vulval flap, and mucronate conical tail. Other Bursaphelenchus spp. with vulval flaps and spicules with cucullus are B. xylophius, B. mucronatus, B. abruptus, and B. pinophilus. For molecular diagnosis, DNA was extracted from more than 30 individual nematodes with a DNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and ITS regions 1, 2, and 5.8S in rDNA were amplified by PCR (US/PTC-0220; Bio Rad, Hercules, CA). The ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern was consistent with that of B. pinophilus (2). The ITS rDNA sequence of B. pinophilus from Korean pines had a 98% sequence homology to that of B. pinophilus in GenBank (Accession No. AM160664). The pathogenicity of B. pinophilus has not been determined. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. pinophilus on P. koraiensis, but it was previously reported from Poland, Germany, and Portugal on P. sylvestris and P. pinaster (1). References: (1) H. Braasch. EPPO Bull. 31:127, 2001. (2) W. Burgermeister et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 13:29, 2005. (3) R. Sriwati et al. Nematology 10:1, 2008. (4) G. Steiner and E. M. Buhrer. J. Agric. Res. 48:946, 1934.

Inhibition response of Pinus densiflora clones to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus systemic dispersal and their resistance to pine wilt disease

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Togashi ◽  
Hiroko Maezono ◽  
Koji Matsunaga ◽  
Satoshi Tamaki
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Inhibition Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clone Group

AbstractTo determine the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal in Pinus densiflora, a suspension of 200 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was placed on the upper cut end of 5-cm-long, living or boiled branch sections of 17 clones of pine that had different resistance levels. Significantly more nematodes passed through boiled sections than living sections during 24 h. Living branches of the resistant P. densiflora clone group significantly suppressed the dispersal of B. xylophilus compared with those of the susceptible group, suggesting that the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal was involved in the resistance mechanism of selected disease-resistant pine clones. However, there was no significant correlation between the resistance class and the mean number of nematodes passing through live branch sections within the resistant clone group. The reason for the lack of correlation is discussed in relation with the resistance mechanism.

scholarly journals Esteya floridanum sp. nov.: An Ophiostomatalean Nematophagous Fungus and Its Potential to Control the Pine Wood Nematode

2021 ◽  
pp. PHYTO-06-20-022
Author(s):  
You Li ◽  
Haiying Yu ◽  
João P. M. Araújo ◽  
Xinfeng Zhang ◽  
Yingchao Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Wilt

The nematophagous fungal genus Esteya is reported as a natural enemy of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt in Asia and Europe. During a survey of fungi associated with ambrosia beetles in Florida, an undescribed Esteya species was found. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear large subunit and β-tubulin DNA sequences supported this isolate as a new species, E. floridanum. Morphological and phylogenetic characteristics and a species description are provided here. The fungus was observed to kill the pine wood nematode in vitro. To evaluate the ability of E. floridanum to protect trees against the pine wood nematode in vivo, the effect of prophylactic inoculation was tested on Pinus koraiensis and Larix olgensis in Liaoning, China. The results suggest that the fungus is not a plant pathogen and that it delays wilt and postpones death of two conifer trees. This presents a potential new avenue for research on biocontrol of pine wilt disease and stresses the value of research on pest organisms in their native regions.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes of Leaf-fall in Pinus densiflora Forests Damaged by Pine Wilt Disease

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Yutaka IWASAKI ◽  
Keiji SAKAMOTO ◽  
Ken YOSHIKAWA ◽  
Kyozo CHIBA
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Pine Wilt

scholarly journals First Report of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis Associated with Pinus sylvestris in Serbia

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1745-1745
Author(s):  
J. Bačić ◽  
B. G. Stare ◽  
G. Urek ◽  
S. Širca
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Female Tail

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis (Korentchenko) Braasch et al. (1), also referred to as the European type of B. mucronatus, is morphologically very similar to the pine wood nematode (PWN) B. xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, the causal agent of pine wilt disease. The main morphological difference between the two species is the shape of the female tail mucro (3); however, some populations of PWN vary in mucro shape, which can lead to misidentification. Since PWN was found and identified for the first time in Portugal in 1999 (4), concern about the spread of PWN to pines and other conifers all over Europe has increased. Therefore, the PWN survey in every European country is essential. In 2011, the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management implemented phytosanitary measures for detection of PWN in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. In September 2013, wood samples were collected from a 40-year-old wilted Pinus sylvestris located on Divcibare Mountain, western Serbia. Nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann funnel method. Nematode specimens (10 females and 10 males) were characterized by an Aphelenchoid-type esophagus, female vulva flap, mucro on the end of female tail, and males with paired arcuate spicules. Morphological identification matched that of B. mucronatus kolymensis (1). The specific morphometric evidence for this European type subspecies of B. mucronatus was sub-cylindrical female tail with mucro 3 to 4 μm long, digitate, well offset from tail (5). Species identification was confirmed by PCR-RFLP of the rDNA ITS region using one female and one male nematode separately (2). The sizes of restricted DNA fragments as determined with agarose gel and capillary electrophoresis were in compliance with reported data in the literature (2,4) and support the identification of the nematode as B. mucronatus kolymensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of any species belonging to Bursaphelenchus genus in Serbia. The presence of B. mucronatus kolymensis in Serbia indicates the possibility of establishment and spread of PWN. Therefore, the measures taken in case of PWN occurrence should be prepared and training foresters to identify pine wilt disease symptoms should be encouraged in Serbia. References: (1) H. Braasch et al. J. Nematode Morphol. Syst. 14:77, 2011. (2) W. Burgermeister et al. Nematology 11:649, 2009. (3) Y. Mamiya and N. Enda. Nematologica 25:353, 1979. (4) M. M. Mota et al. Nematology 1:727, 1999. (5) M. M. Mota and P. Vieira. Page 146 in: Pine Wilt Disease: A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems. Springer Science and Business Media, 2008.

De novo assembly and transcriptome analysis of the Pinus densiflora response to pine wilt disease in nature

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il Hwan Lee ◽  
Jinjoong Kim ◽  
Kwan-Soo Woo ◽  
Kyung-Hwan Jang ◽  
Yun-Hee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
De Novo Assembly ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pine Wilt

scholarly journals Carbon and Nitrogen Responses in Litterfall and Litter Decomposition in Red Pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) Stands Disturbed by Pine Wilt Disease

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choonsig Kim ◽  
Seongjun Kim ◽  
Gyeongwon Baek ◽  
A-Ram Yang
Keyword(s):  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Disturbance Intensity ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
C And N

Research Highlight: Forest disturbance by insects or disease can have a significant influence on nutrient return by litterfall and decomposition, but information regarding disturbance gradients is scarce. This study demonstrated that the disturbance intensity caused by pine wilt disease greatly altered the quality and quantity of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in litterfall components and decomposition processes. Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the C and N status of litterfall and litter decomposition processes in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand disturbed by pine wilt disease in southern Korea. Nine red pine plots with varying degrees of disturbance caused by pine wilt disease were established based on differences in the stand basal area. Litterfall and the decomposition of needle litter and branches under different degrees of disturbance were measured for three years. Results: There was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between disturbance intensity and the C and N concentration of litterfall components depending on the time of sampling. The annual C and N inputs through litterfall components decreased linearly with decreasing disturbance intensities. The decomposition rates of branches were higher in slightly disturbed plots compared with severely disturbed plots for the late stage of branch decomposition, whereas the decomposition rates of needle litter were not affected by the disturbance intensity of pine wilt disease. Carbon and N concentrations from needle litter and branches were not linearly related to the intensities of disturbance, except for the initial stage (one year) of needle litter decomposition. Conclusions: The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease was a major cause of C and N loss through litterfall and decomposition processes in pine wilt disease disturbed stands, but the magnitude of loss depended on the severity of the disease disturbance.

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