First Report of Southern Blight on Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in China

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L., Asteraceae) is a rhizomatous perennial plant native to North America that has invaded eastern China and continues to spread northward and westward. It is quite common on field borders, roadsides, and in undeveloped areas, posing a serious threat to native ecosystems and their biodiversity. During the late summers of 2007 and 2008, wilted Canadian goldenrod plants were occasionally found in invasive populations in the suburb of Nanjing city. Wilted plants were transplanted and maintained in a greenhouse at Nanjing Agricultural University. A white mass of fungal hyphae, which grew on the soil surface around the stem of the symptomatic S. canadesis plants and eventually covered the stem, was observed. Initially, the base of the stem became yellow, turned brown, and the light brown discoloration extended up the stem to a height of 3 to 7 cm. The leaves then collapsed, starting from the top until the entire plant wilted. The fungus produced numerous, small, roundish sclerotia of uniform size (0.7 to 2.0 mm in diameter), which were white at first and then became brown to dark brown. The fungus grew into the stems and downward into the rhizome area, but no sclerotia were detected inside the stem or root. Diseased tissue with sclerotia was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar amended with 100 mg/liter of streptomycin sulfate. On the basis of sclerotia morphology and the presence of clamp connections at hyphal septa, the fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii. Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by inoculating 1-year-old S. canadensis plants (average 1.5 m high) grown in pots. The inoculum consisted of cottonseed hulls infested with mycelium and sclerotia of the pathogen and was placed on the soil surface around the base of each unwounded plant. Noninoculated plants served as controls. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. After inoculation, the plants were maintained at high humidity and 30°C for 3 days and then transferred to a greenhouse. All inoculated plants developed symptoms of southern blight. Inoculated plants developed symptoms of wilting 5 to 7 days after inoculation and were completely wilted within 15 to 20 days. Symptoms of wilting were soon followed by the appearance of white-to-light brown sclerotia on the collar region. Control plants remained symptomless and Sclerotium rolfsii was reisolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight of Canadian goldenrod caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in China.

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First Report of Southern Blight Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on St.-John's-Wort

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.696c ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 696-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. P. Keinath ◽

J. W. Rushing ◽

R. J. Dufault

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Soil Surface ◽

The United States ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

St John’S Wort ◽

St John's Wort ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Hypericum Perforatum L

Interest in commercial production of common St.-John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), an herb that is dried, processed, and used as an anti-depressant medication, is increasing. In August 1998, St.-John's-wort growing in the field at Charleston, SC, showed blight symptoms. Leaves on prostrate branches turned reddish-yellow, then brown, and then abscised. As the disease progressed, branches and approximately 10% of the plants were killed. Coarse, white mycelia were present on the bases of dead branches. Segments cut from symptomatic branches were disinfested in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. was isolated from one of 12 branches with discolored leaves and six of six dead branches. For pathogenicity tests, sclerotia were harvested from 6-week-old cultures on PDA. Ten-week-old St.-John's-wort plants, growing in potting mix in 10-cm pots, were inoculated by placing four sclerotia on the soil surface 1 to 1.5 cm from the main stem of each plant. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at 90% relative humidity and 25 to 35°C. Single blighted branches were observed on three plants 12 days after inoculation and all plants were blighted 28 days after inoculation. S. rolfsii was recovered from 10 and 9 of 10 plants inoculated with isolates of S. rolfsii from St.-John's-wort and tomato, respectively. All 10 noninoculated plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was repeated and the results were similar. This is the first report of S. rolfsii causing Southern blight on St.-John's-wort in the United States.

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First Report of Southern Blight of Iresine herbstii Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-12-0372-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (11) ◽

pp. 1692-1692

Author(s):

C. H. Fu ◽

Y. P. Huang ◽

F. Y. Lin

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Agar Plug ◽

Initial Symptoms ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Causal Fungus

Widely cultivated commercially, Iresine herbstii Hook is a potted herbaceous plant popular for its foliage, which varies from a dark red to brownish maroon. In the summer of 2010, a sudden wilt of I. herbstii plants was observed at a recreational farm in Taipei City in northern Taiwan. The initial symptoms were water-soaked lesions that became soft and then rotted. Necrotic areas on the stems were covered with fans of white mycelium as well as abundant spherical, brown sclerotia. A fungus was isolated from both infected tissue and sclerotia and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 25°C without light. Colonies were white and cottony, often forming mycelial fans. Pure cultures were prepared by transferring single hyphal tips to PDA. Sclerotia formed after 7 days. Sclerotia were initially white becoming dark brown with age and were 0.8 to 1 mm in diameter at maturity. These are typical features of Sclerotium rolfsii. Koch's postulates were performed by inoculating five healthy, potted I. herbstii plants with 10 fresh sclerotia placed on the soil surface around the base of each plant. In a second test, five healthy potted plants were inoculated with a single 10-mm-diameter mycelial agar plug placed at the stem base of each plant. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. All plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 to 35°C. Basal stem rot and wilt developed within 4 days on plants inoculated with sclerotia or mycelial plugs. All plants were dead by 7 days after inoculation whereas the controls remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from the symptomatic tissue and produced sclerotia and mycelium consistent with S. rolfsii. To confirm identity of the causal fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region of the causal fungus was amplified using the primers ITS4 and ITS5 (3) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 687 bp was uploaded in NCBI (Accession No. JN543691.1). The sequence was 98% similar to sequences of Athelia rolfsii (anamoprh S. rolfsii). This disease has been observed on many species of plants (1, 2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of I. herbstii caused by S. rolfsii in Taiwan or any other part of the world. References: (1) T. T. Chang. Bull. Taiwan For. Res. Inst. 9:191, 1994. (2) Y. N. Wang et al. J. Exp. For. Nat. Taiwan Univ. 20:45, 2006. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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First Report of Southern Blight of Manglietia decidua Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-20-2194-pdn ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Run Hua Yi ◽

Gui Gen Long ◽

Ke Yang Li ◽

Xiao Yang Wang ◽

Yan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Its Region ◽

Ground Level ◽

Healthy Plant ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Endangered Tree ◽

First Report ◽

Endangered Tree Species ◽

Southern Blight

Manglietia decidua, named ‘Hua manglietia’, belonging to the Magnoliaceae family, is one of the most important ornamental plant in China. In 2019 and 2020, an unknown disease caused 3- to 12-month plants of M. decidua to wither and die in the field in Zhanjiang, Guangdong province（N21°9’3”;E110°17’47”）. Initially, the infected plants showed leaves dehydration, chlorosis and wilting with water-soaked lesions on stems at ground level. About 7 days later, the plants completely wilted, collapsed and died. Delayed and stunted growth with wilting of foliage continued through the whole year. Dense white mycelial mat and small white-to-brown spherical sclerotia were observed on the surface of the stalk lesion when weather conditions were warm and humid. Approximately 10% of plants were infected. Especially from July to October 2020, up to 30% of about 500 plants were infected and died. To identify the causal agents of the disease, infected tissue and sclerotia were collected, surface disinfected in 75% alcohol for 30s and 30% hydrogen peroxide solution for 5 min, and washed with sterile water for 1 min. The surface disinfected tissue and sclerotia were put on potato dextrose agar containing ampicillin (50mg/L) and kept in an incubator at 25°C in the dark. Fast growing fungus colonies with white mycelium and numerous sclerotia developed in the plates after 6 to 8 days of incubation. The hyphae were septate, hyaline and formed typically clamp connection after 10 days of growth. Sclerotia were initially white and became tan to dark brown over time and 1.0 to 3.0 mm (2.13 mm on average, n=124) in diameter at maturity. For molecular identification，the ITS region was amplified using primer pair ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). A 666 bp PCR product was sequenced (GenBank accession no. MW093622) and shared above 99% sequence identity with some Athelia rolfsii isolates (GenBank accession Nos. HQ895869, KX499470 and AB075290). Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii (teleomorph A. rolfsii) （Paul et al. 2017，Xu et al. 2010. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating ten healthy 1-year-old M. decidua plants grown in pots. Five sclerotia and mycelial mat obtained from 15-day-old cultures were buried adjacent to the stem of each unwounded healthy plant. Non-inoculated plants served as controls. After inoculation, the plants were maintained in a 25-28 ℃ greenhouse and watered regularly to keep the soil moisture content at about 15%. Symptoms of southern blight were observed on all inoculated plants, which began to wilt 7 to 10 days after inoculation and died within 15 to 20 days. The control plants remained healthy. S. rolfsii was again isolated from the artificially inoculated plants, but not from non-inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice and the results were the same. S. rolfsii has an extensive host range worldwide and the common host ornamental plants are Iris, Chrysanthemum, CymbidiumTrifolium, Jasminum, Begonia, and Stevia etc. in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight caused by S. rolfsiii on M. decidua in China. M. decidua is a horticultural plant which belongs to the protected and endangered tree species. This finding is important to alert growers to realize the proper management of this disease during species protection and cultivar extension.

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First Report of Southern Blight Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Laurustinus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.3.310b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 310-310

Author(s):

G. Polizzi ◽

A. Vitale ◽

G. Parlavecchio

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Soil Surface ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

Soil Line ◽

Sterile Needle ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

On Line ◽

Polyethylene Bags

Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.), native to the Mediterranean Region, is an evergreen shrub commonly used as a specimen shrub or small tree or used in border plantings. During August 2003, a blight occurred on 2-year-old-plants of laurustinus growing in pots in a nursery in eastern Sicily (Italy). Disease incidence ranged from 2 to 5% across the field. Symptoms included 3 to 4 cm long lesions and the development of white mycelial strands and brown, 1.0 to 1.8 mm, nearly spherical sclerotia on the crown of plants at the soil line that are typical of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The foliage of infected plants wilted, followed by a sudden collapse of the plant. The fungus was consistently isolated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) (pH 4.5) by plating symptomatic tissues that were surface disinfested (1.2% NaOCl) for 1 min. and rinsed in sterile water. Pathogenicity tests were performed by sprinkling 50 sclerotia, obtained from infected oat kernels (2), on the soil surface around the collar of each of 10 healthy, potted 1-year-old plants of laurustinus. Five of the plants were previously wounded on the crown 1.5 cm above or below the soil line with a sterile needle. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. All plants were maintained at 25 ± 2°C and enclosed for 72 hr in polyethylene bags (90 to 95% relative humidity). Blight symptoms similar to those seen in nursery were observed on inoculated plants 20 to 25 days after inoculation, while no symptoms developed on control plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolation of the fungus on acidified PDA from all infected laurustinus plants. S. rolfsii was previously recorded on Prague viburnum (Viburnum × pragense L.) as the causal agent of southern blight (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight caused by S. rolfsii on laurustinus. References: (1) A. Hagan. Southern blight on flowers, shrubs, and trees. On-line publication ANR-1157. Alabama A & M, and Auburn University ( www.aces.edu/dept/extcomm/publications/html ). (2) R. Rodriguez-Kabana et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:5, 1975.

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First Report of Southern Blight of Mexican Petunia (Ruellia brittoniana) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-12-0412-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1822-1822

Author(s):

C. H. Fu ◽

Y. P. Huang ◽

F. Y. Lin

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Academic Press ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

Inoculation Techniques ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Causal Fungus ◽

Garden Plant

Mexican petunia (Ruellia brittoniana) is an herbaceous flowering perennial with strikingly colored flowers, widely cultivated commercially as a potted plant and a popular garden plant. In July of 2010, root and stem rot that caused death was observed on Mexican petunia at the flower nursery of the Council of Agriculture & Chiayi County in Taiwan. Plants had rotted and girdled stem bases. Necrotic areas were covered with fans of white mycelium as well as abundant spherical sclerotia. A fungus was isolated from infected tissue and sclerotia, and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 25°C without light. Colonies were white, cottony, often forming fans; pure cultures were prepared by transferring hyphal tips to PDA. Sclerotia formed after 10 days, initially white becoming dark brown with age, and 0.5 to 0.6 mm in diameter. To confirm identity of the causal fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region of the causal fungus was amplified using the primers ITS4 and ITS5 (2) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 687 bp was uploaded in NCBI. The sequence was 98% similar to sequences of Athelia rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii) in NCBI (Accession No. JN543691.1). Koch's postulates were performed using two inoculation techniques. The soil near the base of healthy Mexican petunia plants (four plants per pot) were exposed to recently matured sclerotia (10 sclerotia per plant) developed from pure fungal cultures or 10-mm-diameter agar plugs of mycelium (one plug per plant). Noninoculated plants, in a separate pot, were used as a control. All plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 28 to 33°C. Disease symptoms occurred on all inoculated plants by 5 to 7 days and included yellowing of leaves, basal stem rot, and wilt. Ten days after inoculation, inoculated plants were dead whereas control plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice with similar results and S. rolfsii was reisolated from infected plants in each test. The pathogen has been reported to cause substantial loss of Mexican petunia in Louisiana (1). The disease is becoming more common in Taiwan and could cause losses in Mexican petunia production. To our knowledge, this is the first report of disease on Mexican petunia caused by S. rolfsii in Taiwan. References: (1) G. E. Holcomb. Plant Dis. 88:770, 2004. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, 1990.

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First Report of Southern Blight Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-12-1165-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (10) ◽

pp. 1386-1386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

G. Gilardi ◽

G. Ortu ◽

M. L. Gullino ◽

M. Testa

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Green Beans ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

White Mycelium

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown worldwide for consumption of dry or green beans. During late spring of 2012, yellowing and wilting symptoms were observed in a commercial bean field cv. Lingua di fuoco in Cagliari Province (Sardinia, southern Italy) on 30% of plants 4 to 5 months after sowing. The first symptoms developed in May, when temperatures reached 18 to 30°C. Affected plants showed crown rot, necrosis of the cortex, and foliar chlorosis. As disease progressed, plants collapsed. In the presence of abundant moisture, white mycelium developed on the senescent tissue along with light to dark brown sclerotia (3.0 to 4.8 mm in diameter). Symptomatic tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 mg streptomycin sulfate/liter. The fungus that was isolated consistently from symptomatic plants onto PDA at 23°C grew rapidly in culture with silky-white, sterile mycelium, formed light to dark brown sclerotia (each 1.8 to 3.2 mm in diameter) after 7 days, and readily produced aerial hyphae. These morphological features are typical of Sclerotium rolfsii (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified for one isolate using ITS1/ITS4 primers (4), and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KF002510). BLASTn analysis (1) of the 656-bp segment showed 87% homology with the ITS sequence of an S. rolfsii isolate (JF819727). Pathogenicity of one isolate was confirmed by inoculating healthy P. vulgaris plants cv. Lingua di fuoco grown in 2-liter pots in a steamed potting mix containing 50% Tecno2 (70% white peat and 30% clay) and 50% Tiesse 3 (60% white peat, 20% clay, and 20% perlite) (Turco Silvestro terricci, Bastia d'Albenga, SV, Italy). Inoculum consisting of mycelium and sclerotia of the pathogen produced from 10-day-old cultures on PDA was mixed in the soil at 0.5 g/liter substrate. Four 7-day-old plants per pot, with three replicate pots, were used for inoculation. The same number of control plants grown in the same substrate were inoculated with non-colonized PDA as a negative control treatment. The pathogenicity test was repeated. Plants were kept in a growth chamber at 30°C and 85% RH. Inoculated plants developed symptoms of leaf yellowing within 10 days, followed by crown rot, appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventual wilting. Control plants remained asymptomatic. Isolations from inoculated plants demonstrated the absence of latent infections by the fungus S. rolfsii, but the fungus was not reisolated from non-inoculated control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii infecting P. vulgaris in Italy. Southern blight has been reported on common bean in sub-tropical and tropical areas of the world (3), where it can cause severe crop losses. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) J. E. M. Mordue. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 410, 1974. (3) H. F. Schwartz et al. Page 20 in: Compendium of Bean Diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, 2005. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols. Page 315 in: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

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First Report of Petiole Rot of Pulmonaria longifolia Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.313b ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 313-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. A. Edmunds ◽

M. L. Gleason

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

First Report ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Affected Tissue ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

The Media ◽

Herbaceous Perennial

Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii was isolated from the bases of discolored petioles on wilted, yellow leaves of Pulmonaria longifolia (cultivar unknown), an herbaceous perennial growing in a landscape planting in Ames, IA. White mycelia and brick red, 2- to 3-mm-diameter sclerotia were found on affected tissue and nearby soil. The isolates were identified as S. rolfsii var. delphinii based on the formation of dark red, irregularly shaped, >2.0-mm-diameter sclerotia on potato dextrose agar (PDA) around the edge of the culture (1,2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating 5-month-old P. longifolia cv. E. B. Anderson growing in 20-cm-diameter pots in a greenhouse at 25 to 30°C. Inoculum was produced by transferring plugs from a 1-week-old culture of the S. rolfsii var. delphinii isolate on PDA to autoclaved carrot disks. After 2 days of incubation, a mycelium-infested carrot disk was placed on the soil surface at the base of each plant. Six plants were inoculated and six plants served as uninoculated controls. All plants were enclosed in plastic bags to maintain high humidity. The pathogenicity test was repeated once. All inoculated plants developed characteristic symptoms within 10 days, whereas all control plants remained symptomless. Sclerotia developed on infected tissue and the media surface, and S. rolfsii var. delphinii was reisolated on PDA from symptomatic petioles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of petiole rot of P. longifolia caused by S. rolfsii var. delphinii. References: (1) Z. K. Punja. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 23:97, 1985. (2) Z. K. Punja and A. Damiani. Mycologia 88(5):694, 1996.

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First Report of Southern blight Incited by Sclerotium rolfsii on Dichondra repens in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0203b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 203-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

A. Minuto ◽

M. L. Gullino

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Soil Surface ◽

The United States ◽

First Report ◽

Southern Blight ◽

Inoculation Trial ◽

Leaf Yellowing ◽

White Mycelium ◽

Wheat Kernels ◽

Reddish Brown Color

Kidney weed (Dichondra repens) is increasingly used for low maintenance turf in Italy, particularly for gardens and parks in areas characterized by mild climate. During September 2003, on the D. repens turf of a private garden located near Imperia (northern Italy), yellow, circular areas as much as 60 cm in diameter appeared with the grass becoming chlorotic and thin. A ring of the patch at its periphery exhibited a reddish brown color and eventually died. An area of green grass remained in the center of the patch. Rings of dead grass enlarged rapidly during hot, humid weather. In the presence of abundant moisture, a white mycelium occurred on the dying grass at the periphery of the ring. White or light-to-dark brown sclerotia (1 to 3 mm in diameter) developed from mycelium on the dead grass. The diseased tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulphate. Sclerotium rolfsii was consistently isolated from infected plants. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating healthy D. repens turf (1 m2 plots and three replicates). Inoculum that consisted of wheat kernels infested with mycelium and sclerotia of each isolate was placed on the soil surface. Noninoculated plots served as controls. The inoculation trial was repeated once. Turf was covered with a plastic film for 7 days, kept at temperatures ranging between 22 and 25°C, and watered as needed. Inoculated plants developed symptoms of leaf yellowing within 11 days, soon followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and then eventually wilted. Control plants remained symptomless. Sclerotium rolfsii was re-isolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii on D. repens in Italy. This disease has been reported on kidney weed in several countries such as the United States (3), Brazil (1), and India (2). References: (1) M. Menezes and J. A. A. Lima. Fitossanidade 1:18, 1974. (2) K. Ranganathan and N. Shanmugam. Indian Phytopathol, 27:113, 1974. (3) J. D. Smith et al. Fungal Diseases of Amenity Turf Grasses. E & F.N. Spon, London, 1989.

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