SummaryMatrix GLA protein (MGP) is an inhibitor of calcification in the arterial wall and its activity is dependent upon vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation. This modification is carried out by a warfarin sensitive enzyme system that converts specific Glu residues to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) residues. Recent studies have demonstrated that the γ-carboxylation system in the arterial wall, in contrast to that in the liver, is unable to use vitamin K as an antidote to warfarin.By use of immunohistochemistry we demonstrate that MGP is expressed in the arterial wall and immunocytochemistry localized the MGP precursors to the endoplasmic reticulum in vascular smooth muscle cells. Resting smooth vascular muscle cells in the aortic wall and proliferating cells from explants of the aorta have all the enzymes needed for γ-carboxylation of MGP. However, when compared to the liver system, expression of the enzymes of the γ-carboxylation system in vascular smooth muscle cells is different. Of particular interest is the finding that the specific activity of the warfarin sensitive enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase is 3-fold higher in vascular smooth muscle cells than in liver. DT-diaphorase, which catalyses the antidotal pathway for vitamin K reduction in liver, is 100-fold less active in resting vascular smooth muscle cells than in liver. Data obtained from an in vitro γ-carboxylation system suggest that the antidotal pathway catalyzed by DT-diaphorase in the vessel wall is unable to provide the carboxylase with enough reduced vitamin K to trigger γ-carboxylation of MGP. This finding provides an explanation to the inability of vitamin K to work as an antidote to warfarin intoxication of the arterial wall. Therefore the vitamin K dependent γ-carboxylation system in the arterial wall share a common feature with the system in bone cells by being unable to utilize vitamin K as an antidote.
Phorbol diester modulates alpha-adrenergic receptor-coupled calcium efflux and alpha-adrenergic receptor number in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
