scholarly journals Perception of animacy in dogs and humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 20170156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Abdai ◽  
Bence Ferdinandy ◽  
Cristina Baño Terencio ◽  
Ákos Pogány ◽  
Ádám Miklósi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Video Display ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Simple Motion ◽  
Independent Motion

Humans have a tendency to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. Although animacy is considered as a complex cognitive property, this recognition seems to be spontaneous. Researchers have found that young human infants discriminate between dependent and independent movement patterns. However, quick visual perception of animate entities may be crucial to non-human species as well. Based on general mammalian homology, dogs may possess similar skills to humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs and humans discriminate similarly between dependent and independent motion patterns performed by geometric shapes. We projected a side-by-side video display of the two patterns and measured looking times towards each side, in two trials. We found that in Trial 1, both dogs and humans were equally interested in the two patterns, but in Trial 2 of both species, looking times towards the dependent pattern decreased, whereas they increased towards the independent pattern. We argue that dogs and humans spontaneously recognized the specific pattern and habituated to it rapidly, but continued to show interest in the ‘puzzling’ pattern. This suggests that both species tend to recognize inanimate agents as animate relying solely on their motions.

scholarly journals Prosocial Predictions by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Based on Motion Patterns in Visual Stimuli

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Johnson ◽  
Jessica Sullivan ◽  
Jane Jensen ◽  
Cara Buck ◽  
Julie Trexel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Social Attributions

In this study, paradigms that test whether human infants make social attributions to simple moving shapes were adapted for use with bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins observed animated displays in which a target oval would falter while moving upward, and then either a “prosocial” oval would enter and help or caress it or an “antisocial” oval would enter and hinder or hit it. In subsequent displays involving all three shapes, when the pro- and antisocial ovals moved offscreen in opposite directions, the dolphins reliably predicted—based on anticipatory head turns when the target briefly moved behind an occluder—that the target oval would follow the prosocial one. When the roles of the pro- and antisocial ovals were reversed toward a new target, the animals’ continued success suggests that such attributions may be dyad specific. Some of the dolphins also directed high arousal behaviors toward these displays, further supporting that they were socially interpreted.

Perceiving personality in simple motion cues

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Koppensteiner
Keyword(s):  
Motion Cues ◽  
Simple Motion

scholarly journals Cross-Modal Cue Effects in Motion Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Hanada ◽  
J. Ahveninen ◽  
F. J. Calabro ◽  
A. Yengo-Kahn ◽  
L. M. Vaina
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Feature Based

Abstract The everyday environment brings to our sensory systems competing inputs from different modalities. The ability to filter these multisensory inputs in order to identify and efficiently utilize useful spatial cues is necessary to detect and process the relevant information. In the present study, we investigate how feature-based attention affects the detection of motion across sensory modalities. We were interested to determine how subjects use intramodal, cross-modal auditory, and combined audiovisual motion cues to attend to specific visual motion signals. The results showed that in most cases, both the visual and the auditory cues enhance feature-based orienting to a transparent visual motion pattern presented among distractor motion patterns. Whereas previous studies have shown cross-modal effects of spatial attention, our results demonstrate a spread of cross-modal feature-based attention cues, which have been matched for the detection threshold of the visual target. These effects were very robust in comparisons of the effects of valid vs. invalid cues, as well as in comparisons between cued and uncued valid trials. The effect of intramodal visual, cross-modal auditory, and bimodal cues also increased as a function of motion-cue salience. Our results suggest that orienting to visual motion patterns among distracters can be facilitated not only by intramodal priors, but also by feature-based cross-modal information from the auditory system.

scholarly journals Acquisition and long-term memory of object names in a sample of Gifted Word Learner dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shany Dror ◽  
Ádám Miklósi ◽  
Andrea Sommese ◽  
Andrea Temesi ◽  
Claudia Fugazza
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Acquisition Rate ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Word Acquisition ◽  
Short Period

Dogs with a vocabulary of object names are rare and are considered uniquely gifted. In a few cases, these Gifted Word Learner (GWL) dogs have presented cognitive skills that are functionally similar to those of human infants. However, the acquisition rate of new object names and the ability of GWL dogs to form long-term memories of those is unknown. In this study, we examine the ability of six GWL dogs to acquire the names of new objects in a short period and to retain those in their long-term memory without post-acquisition exposures. In Experiments 1 and 2, the dogs were tested on their ability to learn, during social interactions with their owners, the names of 6 and 12 new toys respectively, in one week. In Experiments 3 and 4, the dogs' memory of these objects was tested after one and two months. GWL dogs typically learned the names of the new objects and remembered those. We suggest that dogs with knowledge of object names could be a powerful model for studying mental mechanisms related to word acquisition in a non-human species.

Adaptive Dynamics of the Leg Movement Patterns of Human Infants: III. Age-Related Differences in Limb Control

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody L. Jensen ◽  
Esther Thelen ◽  
Beverly D. Ulrich ◽  
Klaus Schneider ◽  
Ronald F. Zernicke
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Leg Movement

Adaptive Dynamics of the Leg Movement Patterns of Human Infants: II. Treadmill Stepping in Infants and Adults

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly D. Ulrich ◽  
Klaus Schneider ◽  
Jody L. Jensen ◽  
Ronald F. Zernicke ◽  
Esther Thelen
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Leg Movement ◽  
Treadmill Stepping

scholarly journals Prosocial Predictions by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Based on Motion Patterns in Visual Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Johnson ◽  
Jess Sullivan ◽  
Jane Jensen ◽  
Cara Buck ◽  
Julie Trexel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Social Attributions

In this study, paradigms that test whether human infants make social attributions to simple moving shapes were adapted for use with bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins observed animated displays in which a target oval would falter while moving upward, and then either a “prosocial” oval would enter and help or caress it or an “antisocial” oval would enter and hinder or hit it. In subsequent displays involving all three shapes, when the pro- and antisocial ovals moved offscreen in opposite directions, the dolphins reliably predicted—based on anticipatory head turns when the target briefly moved behind an occluder—that the target oval would follow the prosocial one. When the roles of the pro- and antisocial ovals were reversed toward a new target, the animals’ continued success suggests that such attributions may be dyad specific. Some of the dolphins also directed high arousal behaviors toward these displays, further supporting that they were socially interpreted.

scholarly journals Infants choose those who defer in conflicts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J Thomas ◽  
Barbara Wiseheart Sarnecka
Keyword(s):  
High Status ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Social Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Status Information ◽  
Status Cues ◽  
Zero Sum

For humans and other social species, social status matters: it determines who wins access to contested resources, territory and mates [1–11]. Human infants are sensitive to dominance status cues [12,13]. They expect conflicts to be won by larger individuals [14], those with more allies [15], and those with a history of winning [16–18]. But being sensitive to status cues is not enough; individuals must also use status information when deciding whom to approach and whom to avoid [19]. In many non-human species, low-status individuals avoid high-status individuals, and in so doing avoid the threat of aggression [20–23]. In these species, high-status individuals commit random acts of aggression toward subordinates [23] and even commit infanticide [24–26]. However, for less reactively aggressive species [27,28], high-status individuals may be good coalition partners. This is especially true for humans, where high-status individuals can provide guidance, protection and knowledge to subordinates [2,29,30]. Indeed, human adults [31–33], human toddlers [34], and adult bonobos [35] prefer high-status individuals to low-status ones. Here we present 6 experiments testing whether 10- to 16-month-old human infants choose high-or low-status individuals—specifically, winners or yielders in zero-sum conflicts—and find that infants choose puppets who yield. Intriguingly, toddlers just six months older choose the winners of such conflicts [34]. This suggests that although humans start out like many other species, avoiding high-status others, we shift in toddlerhood to approaching high-status individuals, consistent with the idea that for humans, high-status individuals can provide benefits to low-status ones.

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