CHILDREN SOCIAL ATTRIBUTION BASED ON GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Social attribution can appear spontaneously or through long considerations and thinking process. Factors influencing attribution is the attribution style; planned and unplanned attribution. This kind of behavior can arise due to emotional factors. Meanwhile, children's social attributions arise because of stereotypes or labeling that have been attached to society, thus it has an impact on children's understanding of gender since they were born. The existence of social construction regarding gender roles cannot be separated from how the paradigm views the labeling of the characteristics of women and men is. In children, this social attribution usually occurs because of the stereotype of gender roles taught to children. This stereotype is a labeling that begins based on the perception or point of view of a person. While gender role stereotypes are part of the discussion about gender "sex", namely social expectations that define how men and women think, feel, and act, which are part of the product of the stereotype itself.

Children’s Perception of Animacy: Social Attributions to Moving Figures

Adults describe abstract shapes moving in a goal-directed manner using animate terms. This study tested which variables affect school-aged children’s descriptions of moving geometrical shapes. Children aged 5 to 9 years were shown displays of interacting geometrical shapes and were asked to describe them. Across participants, instructions, number of moving figures, whether a figure caught another, and complexity of the scene were manipulated. Nine-year-olds used significantly more animate phrases than 5-year-olds. Furthermore, we found an Age by Condition interaction. Five-year-olds made significantly more animate statements in the animate condition, while 7-year-olds and 9-year-olds were less affected by instructions. Scene complexity increased children’s use of animate phrases. Number of agents present on the screen and whether a catch occurred did not impact children’s animate attributions. Our results support the hypothesis that children, like adults, are attuned to animacy cues and describe chasing agents in animate terms.

Prosocial Predictions by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Based on Motion Patterns in Visual Stimuli

In this study, paradigms that test whether human infants make social attributions to simple moving shapes were adapted for use with bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins observed animated displays in which a target oval would falter while moving upward, and then either a “prosocial” oval would enter and help or caress it or an “antisocial” oval would enter and hinder or hit it. In subsequent displays involving all three shapes, when the pro- and antisocial ovals moved offscreen in opposite directions, the dolphins reliably predicted—based on anticipatory head turns when the target briefly moved behind an occluder—that the target oval would follow the prosocial one. When the roles of the pro- and antisocial ovals were reversed toward a new target, the animals’ continued success suggests that such attributions may be dyad specific. Some of the dolphins also directed high arousal behaviors toward these displays, further supporting that they were socially interpreted.

Online Social Regulation: When Everyday Diplomatic Skills for Harmonious Disagreement Break Down

In group discussions, people rely on everyday diplomatic skills to socially regulate the interaction, maintain harmony, and avoid escalation. This article compares social regulation in online and face-to-face (FtF) groups. It studies the micro-dynamics of online social interactions in response to disagreements. Thirty-two triads discussed, in a repeated measures design, controversial topics via text-based online chat and FtF. The fourth group member was a confederate who voiced a deviant (right-wing) opinion. Results show that online interactions were less responsive and less ambiguous compared with FtF discussions. This affected participants’ social attributions: they felt their interaction partners ignored them and displayed disinhibited behavior. This also had relational consequences: participants experienced polarization and less solidarity. These results offer a new perspective on the process of online polarization: this might not be due to changes in individual psychology (e.g., disinhibition), but to misattributions of online behavior.

Hearing reliability: a common prosodic code automatically signals confidence and honesty to human listeners

The success of human cooperation crucially depends on mechanisms enabling individuals to detect unreliability in their conspecifics. Yet, how epistemic vigilance is achieved from naturalistic sensory inputs such as speech remains largely unknown. Here we show that a common prosodic code signals both confidence and honesty to listeners. Using a novel data-driven method, we decode the prosodic contours driving social attributions of confidence and honesty from speech across pitch, duration and loudness. We find that these two kinds of judgements about the reliability of a speaker rely on a common prosodic code that is independent from individuals’ conceptual knowledge and native language. We also demonstrate that listeners extract these prosodic signatures of reliability automatically, and that this impacts the way they memorize new spoken words. These findings shed light on a unique communicative adaptation that enables human listeners to quickly detect and react to unreliability during linguistic interactions.