scholarly journals Prosocial Predictions by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Based on Motion Patterns in Visual Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Johnson ◽  
Jess Sullivan ◽  
Jane Jensen ◽  
Cara Buck ◽  
Julie Trexel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Social Attributions

In this study, paradigms that test whether human infants make social attributions to simple moving shapes were adapted for use with bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins observed animated displays in which a target oval would falter while moving upward, and then either a “prosocial” oval would enter and help or caress it or an “antisocial” oval would enter and hinder or hit it. In subsequent displays involving all three shapes, when the pro- and antisocial ovals moved offscreen in opposite directions, the dolphins reliably predicted—based on anticipatory head turns when the target briefly moved behind an occluder—that the target oval would follow the prosocial one. When the roles of the pro- and antisocial ovals were reversed toward a new target, the animals’ continued success suggests that such attributions may be dyad specific. Some of the dolphins also directed high arousal behaviors toward these displays, further supporting that they were socially interpreted.

scholarly journals Prosocial Predictions by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Based on Motion Patterns in Visual Stimuli

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Johnson ◽  
Jessica Sullivan ◽  
Jane Jensen ◽  
Cara Buck ◽  
Julie Trexel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Social Attributions

In this study, paradigms that test whether human infants make social attributions to simple moving shapes were adapted for use with bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins observed animated displays in which a target oval would falter while moving upward, and then either a “prosocial” oval would enter and help or caress it or an “antisocial” oval would enter and hinder or hit it. In subsequent displays involving all three shapes, when the pro- and antisocial ovals moved offscreen in opposite directions, the dolphins reliably predicted—based on anticipatory head turns when the target briefly moved behind an occluder—that the target oval would follow the prosocial one. When the roles of the pro- and antisocial ovals were reversed toward a new target, the animals’ continued success suggests that such attributions may be dyad specific. Some of the dolphins also directed high arousal behaviors toward these displays, further supporting that they were socially interpreted.

scholarly journals Evolutionary-based threat modulates perception of looming visual stimuli in human infants

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Vladislav Ayzenberg ◽  
Matthew Longo ◽  
Stella Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Infants

Use of a Distracting Task to Obtain Defensive Head Movements to Looming Visual Stimuli by Human Adults in a Laboratory Setting

Perception ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M King ◽  
Caroline Dykeman ◽  
Peter Redgrave ◽  
Paul Dean
Keyword(s):  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Simple Movement ◽  
Sufficient Stimulus

Defensive responses to looming visual stimuli have been obtained in a wide variety of species, including human infants as young as one week. This phenomenon has not, however, been formally demonstrated for adults under laboratory conditions. In this paper it is reported that similar responses, namely avoidance movements of the head, can be obtained in most human adults provided that they are suitably distracted by playing a computer tracking game. Such behaviours were not obtained when subjects were not so distracted. The use of control conditions also ruled out the possibility that simple movement cues from stimuli presented on a noncollision trajectory are sufficient stimulus to obtain defensive responses. It is of interest to note that latencies for avoidance movements were significantly shorter than those for orienting movements in the same situation, but were no different from the latencies for orienting movements when subjects were not distracted. It is argued that these findings are consistent with the proposition that defensive head movements to looming stimuli, like orienting movements to novel peripheral stimuli, represent a basic visual competence that is normally suppressed (or subsumed) by higher competences. The decision to avoid is probably based on the computation of time to contact, and may reflect the operation of a subcortical system for elementary analysis of optic flow.

scholarly journals Perception of animacy in dogs and humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 20170156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Abdai ◽  
Bence Ferdinandy ◽  
Cristina Baño Terencio ◽  
Ákos Pogány ◽  
Ádám Miklósi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Video Display ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Simple Motion ◽  
Independent Motion

Humans have a tendency to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. Although animacy is considered as a complex cognitive property, this recognition seems to be spontaneous. Researchers have found that young human infants discriminate between dependent and independent movement patterns. However, quick visual perception of animate entities may be crucial to non-human species as well. Based on general mammalian homology, dogs may possess similar skills to humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs and humans discriminate similarly between dependent and independent motion patterns performed by geometric shapes. We projected a side-by-side video display of the two patterns and measured looking times towards each side, in two trials. We found that in Trial 1, both dogs and humans were equally interested in the two patterns, but in Trial 2 of both species, looking times towards the dependent pattern decreased, whereas they increased towards the independent pattern. We argue that dogs and humans spontaneously recognized the specific pattern and habituated to it rapidly, but continued to show interest in the ‘puzzling’ pattern. This suggests that both species tend to recognize inanimate agents as animate relying solely on their motions.

scholarly journals Auditory–Visual Matching of Conspecifics and Non-Conspecifics by Dogs and Human Infants

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gergely ◽  
Eszter Petró ◽  
Katalin Oláh ◽  
József Topál
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Visual Matching ◽  
Intermodal Perception

We tested whether dogs and 14–16-month-old infants are able to integrate intersensory information when presented with conspecific and heterospecific faces and vocalisations. The looking behaviour of dogs and infants was recorded with a non-invasive eye-tracking technique while they were concurrently presented with a dog and a female human portrait accompanied with acoustic stimuli of female human speech and a dog’s bark. Dogs showed evidence of both con- and heterospecific intermodal matching, while infants’ looking preferences indicated effective auditory–visual matching only when presented with the audio and visual stimuli of the non-conspecifics. The results of the present study provided further evidence that domestic dogs and human infants have similar socio-cognitive skills and highlighted the importance of comparative examinations on intermodal perception.

scholarly journals A generalized sense of number

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20141791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Arrighi ◽  
Irene Togoli ◽  
David C. Burr
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Prior Adaptation

Much evidence has accumulated to suggest that many animals, including young human infants, possess an abstract sense of approximate quantity, a number sense . Most research has concentrated on apparent numerosity of spatial arrays of dots or other objects, but a truly abstract sense of number should be capable of encoding the numerosity of any set of discrete elements, however displayed and in whatever sensory modality. Here, we use the psychophysical technique of adaptation to study the sense of number for serially presented items. We show that numerosity of both auditory and visual sequences is greatly affected by prior adaptation to slow or rapid sequences of events. The adaptation to visual stimuli was spatially selective (in external, not retinal coordinates), pointing to a sensory rather than cognitive process. However, adaptation generalized across modalities, from auditory to visual and vice versa. Adaptation also generalized across formats : adapting to sequential streams of flashes affected the perceived numerosity of spatial arrays. All these results point to a perceptual system that transcends vision and audition to encode an abstract sense of number in space and in time.

scholarly journals Language-Based Modulation of the Stream/Bounce Judgment

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166952093592
Author(s):  
Shengbin Cui ◽  
Atsunori Ariga
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Emotional Face

When two identical objects on a screen move toward each other, coincide at the center of the screen, and then continue to move along their original trajectories to the opposite starting points, observers perceive these visual stimuli as showing one of the two possible scenarios: streaming through or bouncing off each other (stream/bounce perception). Previous research has shown that when a high-arousal face is presented along with the two moving objects, the bouncing percept was predominant, as compared with when a middle- or low-arousal face is presented. In this study, however, such a modulatory effect of the emotional face was eliminated when participants did not judge stream or bounce and the terms “bouncing/streaming” were not used in the experiments. These results suggest that the modulatory effect of emotional stimuli on the stream/bounce judgment cannot be explained solely by the emotional processing per se but, rather, can be modulated by language-based processing.

Development of Infant Reaching in the Dark to Luminous Objects and ‘Invisible Sounds’

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale M Stack ◽  
Darwin W Muir ◽  
Frances Sherriff ◽  
Jeanne Roman
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
Luminous Objects

Two studies were conducted to investigate the existence of an unusual U-shaped developmental function described by Wishart et al (1978) for human infants reaching towards invisible sounds. In study 1, 2–7 month olds were presented with four conditions: (i) an invisible auditory stimulus alone, (ii) a glowing visual stimulus alone, (iii) auditory and visual stimuli on the same side (ie combined), and (iv) auditory and visual stimuli on opposite sides (ie in conflict). Study 2 was designed to examine the effects of practice and possible associations made when using the ‘combined conflict’ paradigm. Infants of 5 and 7 months of age were given five trials with the auditory stimulus, with or without prior visual experience, and five trials with the visual stimulus, with the position of the stimulus varied on each trial. Stimuli were presented individually at the midline, and ±30 and ±60° from the midline. In both studies testing was conducted in complete darkness. Results indicated that the auditory-alone condition was slower to elicit a reach from the infants, relative to the visual-alone one, and reaches were least frequent to the auditory target. No U-shaped function was obtained, and reaching for auditory targets occurred later in age than for visual targets, but even at 7 months of age did not occur as often and was achieved by fewer infants. In both studies the quality of the reach was significantly poorer to auditory than to visual targets, but there were some accurate reaches. This research adds to our understanding of the development of auditory — manual coordination in sighted infants and is relevant to theories of auditory localization, visually guided reaching, and programming for the blind.

The Ferrier Lecture, 1989 - Outlooks for blindsight: explicit methodologies for implicit processes

1990 ◽  
Vol 239 (1296) ◽  
pp. 247-278 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Parallel Pathways ◽  
Skin Response

In primates the retina is connected with different targets in the brain via several parallel pathways, the largest of which is that going to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and thence to the striate cortex, the geniculo-striate pathway. When this route is damaged in man, apparent blindness in a corresponding part of the visual field occurs, despite the integrity of the other parallel pathways. In animals, it has been demonstrated by conventional behavioural forced-choice techniques that extrastriate routes can sustain a variety of visual discriminations. Comparable discriminations are also possible in some human subjects with geniculostriate damage when forced-choice ‘guessing’ techniques are used. ‘Blind-sight’ refers to those subjects who state that they are unaware of the visual stimuli, even when performing discriminations at high levels of proficiency. Extensions of this approach are reviewed, especially to spec­tral sensitivity and movement discrimination. But residual capacities can also be assessed without requiring guessing responses, thereby avoiding issues of differential response criteria and other practical difficulties. Effects of ‘unseen’ stimuli in the cortically blind field on the visible perception of concurrent stimuli in the intact field can be measured. Also, positive reactions of the autonomic nervous system, such as the galvanic skin response, can be recorded to visual stimuli presented in the blind field. Recent evidence demonstrates that the pupil in normal adult sub­jects is systematically sensitive to structural and chromatic features of visual stimuli. Pupillometry reveals specific changes and residual capaci­ties in visual-field defects of adult patients with striate cortical damage. Thus non-verbal and sensitive methods are available that permit the comparative study of normal and residual visual capacity in human infants, adults and infra-human animals.

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