scholarly journals Sibling quality and the haplodiploidy hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 20190764 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kennedy ◽  
A. N. Radford
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
Insect Biology ◽  
Relatedness Asymmetry

The ‘haplodiploidy hypothesis’ argues that haplodiploid inheritance in bees, wasps, and ants generates relatedness asymmetries that promote the evolution of altruism by females, who are less related to their offspring than to their sisters (‘supersister’ relatedness). However, a consensus holds that relatedness asymmetry can only drive the evolution of eusociality if workers can direct their help preferentially to sisters over brothers, either through sex-ratio biases or a pre-existing ability to discriminate sexes among the brood. We show via a kin selection model that a simple feature of insect biology can promote the origin of workers in haplodiploids without requiring either condition. In insects in which females must found and provision new nests, body quality may have a stronger influence on female fitness than on male fitness. If altruism boosts the quality of all larval siblings, sisters may, therefore, benefit more than brothers from receiving the same amount of help. Accordingly, the benefits of altruism would fall disproportionately on supersisters in haplodiploids. Haplodiploid females should be more prone to altruism than diplodiploid females or males of either ploidy when altruism elevates female fitness especially, and even when altruists are blind to sibling sex.

6. Winning strategies

2017 ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Tristram D. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Winning Strategies ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many

The field of behavioural ecology, developed in the 1960s and 1970s, offered new ideas and provided powerful ways of exploring how behaviour evolves. Behavioural ecology examines how the evolution of behaviour is related to an individual’s chance of survival or reproductive success. ‘Winning strategies’ considers the many successes of behavioural ecology in explaining different animal behaviours: the economic decisions made by certain species when feeding or during reproduction; the role of the sexes in parental care; mating systems; sperm competition and cryptic female choice; sexual conflict; altruistic behaviour; kin selection theory; cooperative breeding; and the evolution of eusociality.

scholarly journals Do metrics of sexual selection conform to Bateman's principles in a wind-pollinated plant?

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1905) ◽  
pp. 20190532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Tonnabel ◽  
Patrice David ◽  
John R. Pannell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Dioecious Plant ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
Mate Acquisition ◽  
Mercurialis Annua

Bateman's principles posit that male fitness varies more, and relies more on mate acquisition, than female fitness. While Bateman's principles should apply to any organism producing gametes of variable sizes, their application to plants is potentially complicated by the high levels of polyandry suspected for plants, and by variation in the spatial distribution of prospective mates. Here we quantify the intensity of sexual selection by classical Bateman metrics using two common gardens of the wind-pollinated dioecious plant Mercurialis annua . Consistent with Bateman's principles, males displayed significantly positive Bateman gradients (a regression of fitness on mate number), whereas the reproductive success of females was independent of their ability to access mates. A large part of male fitness was explained by their mate number, which in turn was associated with males' abilities to disperse pollen. Our results suggest that sexual selection can act in plant species in much the same way as in many animals, increasing the number of mates through traits that promote pollen dispersal.

scholarly journals The validity and value of inclusive fitness theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1723) ◽  
pp. 3313-3320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. G. Bourke
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Selection Theory ◽  
Inclusive Fitness Theory ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
Natural Selection Theory

Social evolution is a central topic in evolutionary biology, with the evolution of eusociality (societies with altruistic, non-reproductive helpers) representing a long-standing evolutionary conundrum. Recent critiques have questioned the validity of the leading theory for explaining social evolution and eusociality, namely inclusive fitness (kin selection) theory. I review recent and past literature to argue that these critiques do not succeed. Inclusive fitness theory has added fundamental insights to natural selection theory. These are the realization that selection on a gene for social behaviour depends on its effects on co-bearers, the explanation of social behaviours as unalike as altruism and selfishness using the same underlying parameters, and the explanation of within-group conflict in terms of non-coinciding inclusive fitness optima. A proposed alternative theory for eusocial evolution assumes mistakenly that workers' interests are subordinate to the queen's, contains no new elements and fails to make novel predictions. The haplodiploidy hypothesis has yet to be rigorously tested and positive relatedness within diploid eusocial societies supports inclusive fitness theory. The theory has made unique, falsifiable predictions that have been confirmed, and its evidence base is extensive and robust. Hence, inclusive fitness theory deserves to keep its position as the leading theory for social evolution.

scholarly journals Mate limitation and sex ratio evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Lehtonen ◽  
Lisa E. Schwanz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategy ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Stable Strategy ◽  
Local Mate ◽  
Mate Limitation ◽  
Mating Function ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

Sex ratio evolution has been one of the most successful areas of evolutionary theory. Pioneered by Düsing and Fisher under panmixia, and later extended by Hamilton to cover local mate competition (LMC), these models often assume, either implicitly or explicitly, that all females are fertilized. Here, we examine the effects of relaxing this assumption, under both panmictic and LMC models with diploid genetics. We revisit the question of the mathematical relationship between sex ratio and probability of fertilization, and use these results to model sex ratio evolution under risk of incomplete fertilization. We find that (i) under panmixia, mate limitation has no effect on the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) sex allocation; (ii) under LMC, mate limitation can make sex allocation less female-biased than under complete fertilization; (iii) contrary to what is occasionally stated, a significant fraction of daughters can remain unfertilized at the ESS in LMC with mate limitation; (iv) with a commonly used mating function, the fraction of unfertilized daughters can be quite large, and (v) with more realistic fertilization functions, the deviation becomes smaller. The models are presented in three equivalent forms: individual selection, kin selection and group selection. This serves as an example of the equivalence of the methods, while each approach has their own advantages. We discuss possible extensions of the model to haplodiploidy.

scholarly journals Intracultivar selection for seed quality of soybeans in an ultra-low-density selection model (Honeycomb Selection Designs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e44299
Author(s):  
Karla Bianca de Almeida Lopes ◽  
Antônio Eduardo Pípolo ◽  
José Henrique Bizzarri Bazzo ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Honeycomb Selection ◽  
Standard Cultivar

Selecting genotypes that combine high productivity with high seed quality is a challenge. The exploration of intracultivar genetic variation is an alternative to significantly increase the annual genetic gain and maximize the selection efficiency for both characteristics. The present study aimed to identify intracultivar variation to improve the seed quality of soybean genotypes derived from the commercial cultivar BRS 284, selected using the HSD (Honeycomb Selection Designs) model. Soybean genotypes selected for two years from two environments with contrasting edaphoclimatic characteristics, according to the principles of the HSD selection model, were cultivated under competition by using the experimental model in randomized blocks with four replicates and evaluated regarding the productivity and physiological quality of seeds. The results showed that genotype 284-3 presented a greater mass of 100 seeds, germination, vigour after accelerated ageing test, seedling emergence and emergence speed index than the other genotypes in both environments, with no significant difference in the standard cultivar regarding seed yield. The HSD method was an efficient selection method to identify intracultivar variation to improve cultivar performance.

scholarly journals Evolution of external female genital mutilation: why do males harm their mates?

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 171195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierick Mouginot ◽  
Gabriele Uhl ◽  
Lutz Fromhage
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sperm Precedence ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Behaviour ◽  
Female Genital

Sperm competition may select for male reproductive traits that influence female mating or oviposition rate. These traits may induce fitness costs to the female; however, they may be costly for the males as well as any decrease in female fitness also affects male fitness. Male adaptations to sperm competition manipulate females by altering not only female behaviour or physiology, but also female morphology. In orb-weaving spiders, mating may entail mutilation of external structures of the female genitalia, which prevents genital coupling with subsequent males. Here, we present a game theoretical model showing that external female genital mutilation is favoured even under relatively high costs of mutilation, and that it is favoured by a high number of mate encounters per female and last-male sperm precedence.

A joint analysis of quality of life and survival using a random effect selection model

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 3237-3250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Ribaudo ◽  
Simon G. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Allen-Mersh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Joint Analysis
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