scholarly journals Spatio-temporal development of cuticular ridges on leaf surfaces of Hevea brasiliensis alters insect attachment

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201319
Author(s):  
Venkata A. Surapaneni ◽  
Georg Bold ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Marc Thielen
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Cuticular ridges on plant surfaces can control insect adhesion and wetting behaviour and might also offer stability to underlying cells during growth. The growth of the plant cuticle and its underlying cells possibly results in changes in the morphology of cuticular ridges and may also affect their function. We present spatial and temporal patterns in cuticular ridge development on the leaf surfaces of the model plant, Hevea brasiliensis . We have identified, by confocal laser scanning microscopy of polymer leaf replicas, an acropetally directed progression of ridges during the ontogeny of Hevea brasiliensis leaf surfaces. The use of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as a model insect species has shown that the changing dimensions of cuticular ridges on plant leaves during ontogeny have a significant impact on insect traction forces and act as an effective indirect defence mechanism. The traction forces of walking insects are significantly lower on mature leaf surfaces compared with young leaf surfaces. The measured walking traction forces exhibit a strong negative correlation with the dimensions of the cuticular ridges.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal development of cuticular ridges on leaf surfaces of Hevea brasiliensis alters insect attachment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata A. Surapaneni ◽  
Georg Bold ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Marc Thielen
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Insect Attachment

AbstractCuticular ridges on plant surfaces can control insect adhesion and wetting behaviour and might also offer stability to underlying cells during growth. The growth of the plant cuticle and its underlying cells possibly results in changes in the morphology of cuticular ridges and may also affect their function. We present spatial and temporal patterns in cuticular ridge development on the leaf surfaces of the model plant, Hevea brasiliensis. We have identified, by confocal laser scanning microscopy of polymer leaf replicas, an acropetally directed progression of ridges during the ontogeny of Hevea brasiliensis leaf surfaces. The use of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as a model insect species has shown that the changing dimensions of cuticular ridges on plant leaves during ontogeny have a significant impact on insect traction forces and act as an effective indirect defence mechanism. The traction forces of walking insects are significantly lower on mature leaf surfaces compared with young leaf surfaces. The measured walking traction forces exhibit a strong negative correlation with the dimensions of the cuticular ridges.

scholarly journals Biofilm Formation, Epiphytic Fitness, and Canker Development in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1222-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano A. Rigano ◽  
Florencia Siciliano ◽  
Ramón Enrique ◽  
Lorena Sendín ◽  
Paula Filippone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Canker Development

The phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is responsible for the canker disease affecting citrus plants throughout the world. Here, we have evaluated the role of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in leaf colonization during canker development on lemon leaves. Crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of X. axonopodis pv. citri strains expressing the green fluorescent protein were used to evaluate attachment and biofilm formation on abiotic and biotic (leaf) surfaces. Wild-type X. axonopodis pv. citri attached to and formed a complex, structured biofilm on glass in minimal medium containing glucose. Similar attachment and structured biofilm formation also were seen on lemon leaves. An X. axonopodis pv. citri gumB mutant strain, defective in production of the extracellular polysaccharide xanthan, did not form a structured biofilm on either abiotic or biotic surfaces. In addition, the X. axonopodis pv. citri gumB showed reduced growth and survival on leaf surfaces and reduced disease symptoms. These findings suggest an important role for formation of biofilms in the epiphytic survival of X. axonopodis pv. citri prior to development of canker disease.

scholarly journals Intracellular oxygen: Similar results from two methods of measurement using phosphorescent nanoparticles

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350041 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lloyd ◽  
Catrin F. Williams ◽  
K. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
M. Kombrabail ◽  
Nick White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Temporal Complexity ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Lifetime Imaging ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Embedded Nanoparticles

The ability to resolve the spatio-temporal complexity of intracellular O 2 distribution is the "Holy Grail" of cellular physiology. In an effort to obtain a minimally invasive approach to the mapping of intracellular O 2 tensions, two methods of phosphorescent lifetime imaging microscopy were compared in the current study and gave similar results. These were two-photon confocal laser scanning microscopy with pinhole shifting, and picosecond time-resolved epi-phosphorescence microscopy using a single 0.5 μm focused spot. Both methods utilized Ru coordination complex embedded nanoparticles (45 nm diameter) as the phosphorescent probe, excited using pulsed outputs of a titanium–sapphire Tsunami lasers (710–1050 nm).

Cytological observation of the infection process of Venturia carpophila on peach leaves

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Chuan-Ya Ji ◽  
Chingchai Chaisiri ◽  
Liangfen Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Germ Tubes

Peach scab caused by Venturia carpophila, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of peach worldwide, which seriously affects the peach production. Up to date, the infection process and pathogenesis of V. carpophila on peach remain unclear. Here, we present the infection behaviour of V. carpophila at the ultrastructural and cytological levels in peach leaves with combined microscopic investigations (e.g., light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). V. carpophila germinated at the tip of conidia and produced short germ tubes on peach leaf surfaces at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 3 dpi, swollen tips of germ tubes differentiated into appressoria. At 5 dpi, penetration pegs produced by appressoria broke through the cuticle layer, and then differentiated into thick sub-cuticular hyphae in the pectin layer of the epidermal cell walls. At 10 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae extensively colonized in the pectin layer. The primary hyphae ramified into secondary hyphae and proliferated along with the incubation. At 15 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae divided laterally to form stromata between the cuticle layer and the cellulose layer of the epidermal cells. At 30 dpi, conidiophores developed from the sub-cuticular stromata. Finally, abundant conidiophores and new conidia appeared on leaf surfaces at 40 dpi. These results provide useful information for further understanding the V. carpophila pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal Activity of Human-Simulated Exposures of Meropenem (MEM) and Ceftolozane (TOL) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S294-S294
Author(s):  
Srijay Rajan ◽  
Davide Verotta ◽  
Christina Sutherland ◽  
David P Nicolau ◽  
Alfred Spormann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Modeling ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Grant Recipient ◽  
Dosing Strategies ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Microscopy Images

Abstract Background TOL and MEM possess in vitro activity against P. Aeruginosa grown in planktonic culture. Less is known about the activity of TOL and MEM on antibiotic-tolerant biofilms, such as those residing in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The objective of this study is to compare the spatial and temporal activity of TOL and MEM on early and mature P. Aeruginosa biofilms grown in flow-chambers. Methods PAO1 and a clinical strain (strA) isolated from a child with CF were used. Isolates were cultivated in flow-chambers for 24 or 72 hours. Early (24-hours) biofilms were treated with the simulated human concentrations of 1 dose of either 2 g of TOL or MEM. Peak concentrations were 150 mg/L and 107.53 mg/L for TOL and MEM. Mature (72-hours) biofilms were treated with 3 doses of MEM or TOL administered every 8 hours. Images were acquired during antibiotic treatment using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Images were processed with Imaris and analyzed using COMSTAT 2.0. Pharmacodynamic modeling was performed with NONMEM. Results PAO1 and strA were susceptible to TOL and MEM per CLSI guidelines. Kill rates for TOL and MEM are shown below. TOL displayed smaller killing rates compared with MEM for early biofilms; TOL and MEM showed similar activity against the mature clinical strain (strA). MEM and TOL were less effective against strA compared with PAO1. Conclusion TOL and MEM displayed similar spatial activity against P. Aeruginosa biofilms grown in flow-chambers. Temporal differences in kill rates and bacterial recovery between TOL and MEM may inform future dosing strategies for biofilm-associated infections such as CF. Disclosures D. Verotta, Merck: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient. D. P. Nicolau, Merck: Investigator and Speaker’s Bureau, Research support. K. Yang, Merck: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient.

scholarly journals Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1326-1338
Author(s):  
Venkata A Surapaneni ◽  
Tobias Aust ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Marc Thielen
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Cuticular Ridge ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Frictional Forces ◽  
Microscale Wrinkle ◽  
Insect Attachment

The plant cuticle is a multifunctional barrier that separates the organs of the plant from the surrounding environment. Cuticular ridges are microscale wrinkle-like cuticular protrusions that occur on many flower and leaf surfaces. These microscopic ridges can help against pest insects by reducing the frictional forces experienced when they walk on the leaves and might also provide mechanical stability to the growing plant organs. Here, we have studied the development of cuticular ridges on adaxial leaf surfaces of the tropical Araceae Schismatoglottis calyptrata. We used polymer replicas of adaxial leaf surfaces at various ontogenetic stages to study the morphological changes occurring on the leaf surfaces. We characterized the replica surfaces by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and commercial surface analysis software. The development of cuticular ridges is polar and the ridge progression occurs basipetally with a specific inclination to the midrib on Schismatoglottis calyptrata leaves. Using Colorado potato beetles as model species, we performed traction experiments on freshly unrolled and adult leaves and found low walking frictional forces of insects on both of these surfaces. The changes in the micro- and macroscale morphology of the leaves should improve our understanding of the way that plants defend themselves against insect herbivores.

3-D imaging of cells using a confocal laser scanning microscope and digital image processing

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 96-97
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Jovin ◽  
Michel Robert-Nicoud ◽  
Donna J. Arndt-Jovin ◽  
Thorsten Schormann
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Adjacent Structures

Light microscopic techniques for visualizing biomolecules and biochemical processes in situ have become indispensable in studies concerning the structural organization of supramolecular assemblies in cells and of processes during the cell cycle, transformation, differentiation, and development. Confocal laser scanning microscopy offers a number of advantages for the in situ localization and quantitation of fluorescence labeled targets and probes: (i) rejection of interfering signals emanating from out-of-focus and adjacent structures, allowing the “optical sectioning” of the specimen and 3-D reconstruction without time consuming deconvolution; (ii) increased spatial resolution; (iii) electronic control of contrast and magnification; (iv) simultanous imaging of the specimen by optical phenomena based on incident, scattered, emitted, and transmitted light; and (v) simultanous use of different fluorescent probes and types of detectors.We currently use a confocal laser scanning microscope CLSM (Zeiss, Oberkochen) equipped with 3-laser excitation (u.v - visible) and confocal optics in the fluorescence mode, as well as a computer-controlled X-Y-Z scanning stage with 0.1 μ resolution.

Vacuoles Induced in Mammalian Cells by Helicobacter Cytotoxin are Acidic Organelles

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
M. H. Chestnut ◽  
C. E. Catrenich
Keyword(s):  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Gastroduodenal Disease ◽  
H Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a non-invasive, Gram-negative spiral bacterium first identified in 1983, and subsequently implicated in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal disease including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Cytotoxic activity, manifested by intracytoplasmic vacuolation of mammalian cells in vitro, was identified in 55% of H. pylori strains examined. The vacuoles increase in number and size during extended incubation, resulting in vacuolar and cellular degeneration after 24 h to 48 h. Vacuolation of gastric epithelial cells is also observed in vivo during infection by H. pylori. A high molecular weight, heat labile protein is believed to be responsible for vacuolation and to significantly contribute to the development of gastroduodenal disease in humans. The mechanism by which the cytotoxin exerts its effect is unknown, as is the intracellular origin of the vacuolar membrane and contents. Acridine orange is a membrane-permeant weak base that initially accumulates in low-pH compartments. We have used acridine orange accumulation in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy of toxin-treated cells to begin probing the nature and origin of these vacuoles.

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