XV. Further observations in favour of the view that nerve-fibres never end in voluntary muscle

1863 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 668-671
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Voluntary Muscle

Few anatomical inquiries of late years have excited more interest than the present one. Since my paper published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for the year 1860, several memoirs have appeared in Germany. In my paper just published in the last volume of the ‘Transactions,’ I have replied to the statements of Kühne and Kölliker, but I had not succeeded in actually tracing the very fine nucleated fibres I had demonstrated from one undoubted nerve-trunk to another.

scholarly journals The ectopic newly-formed nerve fibres which repopulate the long-time denervated and atrophic chick skeletal muscle

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eros Abrantes Erhart ◽  
Cecil José Rezze ◽  
Walter Biazotto
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Motor Endplates ◽  
Proximal Stump ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Contralateral Muscle

1. The whole biventer cervicis muscles of the chick, being innervated by a branch of the dorsal ramus of C, presents structural Deculiarities which recommend it as good skeletal muscle for embryological, anatomical, physiological and pharmacological neuro-muscular investigations. 2. The nerve trunk responsible for the innervation of the distal belly runs completely included within the intermediate tendon; therefore, a tendon transection determines complete denervation and nerve fibre degeneration of the distal belly of the muscle. 3. Long-time experimentally denervated distal bellies (from three up to twelve months) are repopulated by ectopic nerve fibres which must have arisen from a source other than the proximal stump, neighbour nerves or nervi-vasorum. 4. Motor endplates appear in these long-time (eight or more months) denervated biventer cervicis distal bellies. 5. Although atrophic-looking such muscle bellies responded to indirect and to direct electrical stimulation — 1.5 V — by contraction. 6. The long-time denervated distal bellies of the biventer cervicis muscle of the chick, when properly reoperated by cross-grafting suture with the normal contralateral muscle, lost their atrophic appearance and showed to be successfully recovered in about thirty days.

scholarly journals The arrangement of nerve fibres in a regenerated nerve trunk

1909 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Osborne ◽  
Basil Kilvington
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Nerve Fibres

scholarly journals XIV.—On the Relation of Nerves to Odontoblasts, and on the Growth of Dentine

1892 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Aitchison Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Incisor Tooth ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Single Nerve ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
External Stimuli

Clinical and pathological observation both show that the dentine of the tooth is very closely connected with the nervous system, and is in consequence highly sensitive. Upon what structures does the sensibility of the dentine depend? In what manner is the dentine connected with the nerves of the pulp so as to become so sensitive to external stimuli?Perhaps there is no other structure in the body which is so largely supplied with nerves as the pulp of the tooth; even in the smallest fragment we find many nerve fibres. If we take the pulp from the incisor tooth of an ox and examine it after having allowed it to lie in a solution of osmic acid for a few minutes, we can see clearly through the darkened semi-transparent tissue a large blackened nerve trunk passing up the centre of the pulp, giving off on its way innumerable lateral branches, and dividing in a brush-like manner near the upper part of the pulp. All the fine branches are directed towards the periphery of the pulp. In longitudinal sections of the pulp we can see the same in greater detail; many large bundles of medullated and non-medullated nerve fibres running longitudinally near the centre and giving off lateral branches, which are found in great numbers near the periphery and divide into single nerve fibres just under the odontoblastic layer, being specially numerous at the apex of the pulp.

scholarly journals The effects of injury on mammalian nerve fibres

1930 ◽  
Vol 106 (747) ◽  
pp. 596-618 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Mammalian Nerve

When a nerve is removed from a frog and connected with an amplifier and recording system, occasional impulses appear if the fibres are allowed to dry and a short discharge can be produced by pinching or cutting, but if drying is prevented there is no sign of activity except during the actual infliction of an injury. Mammalian nerves give a very different picture. In a mediumsized nerve trunk from the cat or rabbit, set up in a moist, warm atmosphere, large and rapid fluctuations of potential are nearly always present and the disturbance may last for an hour or more in spite of repeated irrigation. Very small nerves may give a steady base line and in nerves prepared for recording motor or sensory discharges a disturbance, initially present, may subside during the exposure and manipulation, but in all mammalian experiments the danger of an unsteady background is increasingly present as the condition of the nerve is a closer and closer approach to the normal.

scholarly journals On the ultimate nerve-fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure and probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism

1865 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 229-268
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Voluntary Muscle ◽  
Striped Muscle ◽  
Involuntary Muscle

Introduction. Of the movements occurring in the tissues of living beings, and of contractility.—The distribution of nerves to involuntary muscle. Distribution of nerves to the muscular fibres of the frog’s bladder. Distribution of nerves to the muscular fibres in the walls of arteries, veins, the intestine, ducts of glands, &c. —The distribution of nerves to striped muscle. Of the arrangement of the dark-bordered nerve-fibres distributed to voluntary muscle and other tissues.

The Fine Structure and Morphological Organization of the Peripheral Nerve-fibres and Trunks of the Cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (47) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HESS
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Bromphenol Blue ◽  
Nerve Fibres

Sections of the peripheral nerve-trunks of the metathoracic leg of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) were studied with the electron microscope. Paraffin sections were also prepared and stained. Protargol succeeds in staining the nerve-fibres. Osmium tetroxide, a modified Weigert procedure, and Luxol fast blue stain the myelin sheaths, as does mercuric bromphenol blue, a protein stain. The axoplasm is relatively free of formed elements; it contains mitochondria. The myelin sheath, when present on the largest and also some smaller fibres, consists of about two or three loose over lapping processes of Schwann cells, covered by their plasma membranes, enclosing lipid-like droplets and having a beaded appearance. Between the nerve-fibres in the nerve-trunk is Schwann-cell cytoplasm, which arises from Schwann cells that surround the whole nerve-trunk. The same fold of Schwann-cell membrane may enter into the formation of the myelin sheath around more than one nerve-fibre. Several small non-myelinated fibres, which may be as small as 0.3 µ in diameter or less, may be enclosed in the same fold of Schwann-cell membrane. Outside of the Schwann-cell layer and surrounding the nerve-trunk is a thin layer of connective tissue, which does not send trabeculae into the interior of the nerve. Tracheae and tracheoles accompany the nerve but are not included within the sheaths surrounding a nerve-trunk, even near the termination of the nerve-fibres in muscle. The structure of the cockroach peripheral nerve is compared with that described by previous investigators, with that of other insects, and with invertebrate and vertebrate nerve.

scholarly journals III. On the restoration of co-ordinated movements after nerve-crossing, with interchange of function of the cerebral cortical centres

1901 ◽  
Vol 194 (194-206) ◽  
pp. 127-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Favourable Result ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Central Segment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Peripheral Area

Restoration of voluntary co-ordinated movements after reunion of a divided nerve is well known to occur, but the exact process by which it is brought about is by no means clear. This favourable result might be due to re-establishment of the old paths for the nervous impulses, or, on the other hand, the phenomenon might be due to the establishment of new paths due to the inevitable imperfect coaptation of the divided nerve ends. Each of the nerve-fibres in a nerve-trunk is supposed to be the path of communication between a central cell and a definite peripheral area. On dividing the nerve-trunk, and reuniting it by suture, it seems to be a difficulty to assume that perfect coaptation has been made of all or even of a majority of the cut fibres. If such an assumption is made, then the difficulty of the problem disappears, but it is clear that an assumption of the kind is unjustifiable. In a former paper (20) I showed from experiments on the sciatic nerve in dogs that the progress of recovery is practically the same whether the nerve is reunited by suture as accurately in the old position as possible, or whether the opposite state of matters is ensured by rotating the peripheral segment through a semicircle before reuniting it to the central segment. It is true that the peripheral segment of the nerve undergoes Wallerian degeneration after the act of division, but it is never­ theless still a necessity for the regeneration of the nerve. Taking the view of regeneration advocated by Ranvier (8, 9), it is a necessity only as a guide for the growth of the young sprouting nerve-fibres to the peripheral terminations, supplying these fibres at most with their envelopes (Strcebe, Notthaft, Howell and Huber). Taking, on the other hand, the view that the peripheral segment regenerates its own young nerve-fibres after the degeneration of the old fibres, which view I prefer (15), then each fibre in the peripheral segment is reproduced from the point of division on to the peripheral ending. In either case careful coaptation of the cut ends of the nerve would seem to be an important element for the re-establishment of the old paths along which nervous impulses were transmitted. If accurate coaptation is impossible, and if the accuracy of coaptation is not an essential condition of restoration of co­-ordinated movements, then the explanation of restoration is either that the central ends are endowed with the capacity of finding their proper peripheral ends, or that the nerve-centres are capable of altering their functions in so far that, when brought into connection with new muscular fibres by the alteration of the paths for nervous impulses, they can call forth muscular contractions in the new muscular fibres, so as to cause perfectly co-ordinated movements.

scholarly journals High nerve density in breast cancer is associated with poor patient outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Li Na Hu ◽  
Ting La ◽  
Li Yuan Wei ◽  
Xiao Jun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Clinicopathological Parameters ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Poor Patient

Abstract Background: Active crosstalk between the nervous system and breast cancer cells as well as other cell types within the tumour microenvironment has been experimentally demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. However, low frequencies of peripheral nerve presence in human breast cancers reported in previous studies (~30% of cases) potentially negate a major role of the nervous system in breast cancer development and progression. This study aimed to better define the incidence of nerves within human breast cancers and to delineate associations with clinicopathological features.Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was conducted in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue sections using antibodies against the pan-neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), and the sympathetic nerve-specific marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nerve trunks (comprised of many nerve fibres/axons) and isolated nerve fibres (positively stained cells with or without typical morphology of axons outside definable nerve trunks) were quantitated. The chi-squared test was used to determine the associations between nerve trunk or isolated nerve fibre counts and clinicopathological parameters. The Log-rank test was used to compare differences in patient progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A multivariate analysis was performed according to the Cox Proportional Hazards Model to assess independent prognostic factors.Results: Nerve trunks and isolated nerve fibres were detected in 75% and 77% of breast cancers, respectively. The overall frequency of peripheral nerves in breast cancers was 85%, a markedly higher proportion than reported previously. Of note, most nerves present in breast cancers were of the sympathetic origin (positive for TH). While high density of nerve trunks or isolated nerve fibres was associated with poor PFS and OS of patients, high nerve trunk density appeared also to predict poor patient PFS independently of lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: Innervation of breast cancers is a common event correlated with poor patient outcomes. These findings support the notion that the nervous system plays an active role in breast cancer pathogenesis.

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