XIV. On the anatomy and physiology of the nematoids, parasitic and free; with observations on their zoological position and affinities to the echinoderms

1865 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 371-374
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
New Species ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Many

After commenting upon the many conflicting statements which have been made concerning the anatomy of these animals, and more especially with regard to the presence or absence of a nervous system, and of real organs of circulation, the author alludes to the increased interest which has lately been thrown over this order by the discovery of so many new species of the non-parasitic forms, marine, land, and freshwater.

scholarly journals XXI. On the anatomy and physiology of the nematoids, parasitic and free; with observations on their zoological position and affinities to the echinoderms

1866 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 545-638 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Many

Although the parasitic Nematoids have been so long known and frequently submitted to anatomical examination, it is somewhat surprising that, even up to within quite a recent period, nothing was certainly known with regard to the arrangement in them of the nervous system, or as to whether they possessed any modification of the organs of circulation. The existence of both these systems has been asserted and denied over and over again by successive observers, and conflicting statements in this particular field of research have been so rife, that a well-known writer*, recently alluding to this subject, even goes so far as to state that the many discrepancies in the accounts given by leading Helminthologists of Nematoid anatomy “ tend to throw great doubt upon the general value of histological observations among the Helminths.” Although far from sharing in this opinion, I must admit that the tangled network of opposing statements is sufficiently disheartening.

Introduction to the central nervous system

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Pathways ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain

Dental students and practitioners need a working knowledge of the central nervous system (CNS) for several reasons. • A general knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system is required to understand the major roles it plays in controlling body functions. • The cranial nerves innervating the head and neck, including the oral cavity, underpin all functions in these areas; knowledge of these nerves, including their connections to the CNS is vital to understanding the anatomy and physiology of this region. • Clinically, dental students and practitioners will frequently encounter patients suffering from one or other of the many diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Satisfactory dental management of such patients requires some understanding of their illness which in turn requires knowledge of the general structure of the nervous system. The anatomy of the nervous system was described long before we understood much of its function. Like all other parts of the body, everything is named; some of the names seem to defy the logic of anatomical nomenclature used to describe structures elsewhere in the body introduced in Chapter 1. Some of the structures visible to the naked eye were named by their fanciful resemblance to everyday objects such as olives; their names, therefore, bear no resemblance to their function. However, the nerve tracts that connect different areas to form functional pathways are described using a consistent system of naming. Only the most important structures that can be observed in dissected brains or form important landmarks in functional pathways are included in these chapters on the nervous system. It is important to appreciate that much of the detailed structure of the brain can only be observed microscopically. Special microscopical methods are required to show its structure and even then, a practised eye is required to interpret them. Nevertheless, it does help to know the outline of how the connections and functions of the nervous system have been investigated to understand how we have arrived at our present level of knowledge. Initially, careful clinical observations of signs and symptoms prior to death were correlated with post-mortem changes in the brain.

scholarly journals Neural Prosthetics:A Review of Empirical vs. Systems Engineering Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cardiac Pacemaker ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Neural Prosthetic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Electronic Technologies ◽  
Interface Materials

Implantable electrical interfaces with the nervous system were first enabled by cardiac pacemaker technology over 50 years ago and have since diverged into almost all of the physiological functions controlled by the nervous system. There have been a few major clinical and commercial successes, many contentious claims, and some outright failures. These tend to be reviewed within each clinical subspecialty, obscuring the many commonalities of neural control, biophysics, interface materials, electronic technologies, and medical device regulation that they share. This review cites a selection of foundational and recent journal articles and reviews for all major applications of neural prosthetic interfaces in clinical use, trials, or development. The hard-won knowledge and experience across all of these fields can now be amalgamated and distilled into more systematic processes for development of clinical products instead of the often empirical (trial and error) approaches to date. These include a frank assessment of a specific clinical problem, the state of its underlying science, the identification of feasible targets, the availability of suitable technologies, and the path to regulatory and reimbursement approval. Increasing commercial interest and investment facilitates this systematic approach, but it also motivates projects and products whose claims are dubious.

A NEW SPECIES OF DELPHACODES FROM ALBERTA (FULGOROIDEA)

1946 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-65
Author(s):  
Z. P. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
The Many ◽  
A New Species

Among the many interesting Homoptera which have been sent to me by Professor E. H. Strickland is a series of an unusual Delphacodes collected at Cooking Lake, Alberta. This distinct little species is described at this time in order to stimulate further collection of these inconspicuous but interesting insects from western Canada, where there must be many more new species as yet unrecorded.

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