scholarly journals I. On the ratio of the specific heats of the paraffins, and their monohalogen derivatives

1894 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Different Gases

The experiments to be described in the present paper were undertaken in the hope of obtaining data which would throw light on one of the most obscure points of the kinetic theory of gases, namely, the distribution of energy in the molecule. The properties of gases on which the kinetic theory gained its reputation were the constancy of the product of pressure and volume, and the uniformity of the coefficient of expansion. For the explanation of these in the ease of the hypothetical perfect gas no knowledge of the special constitution of the molecule is required, but for most other properties, and especially thermal properties, the kinetic theory fails to explain the facts from want of information concerning the dynamical peculiarities of the molecules of different gases.

scholarly journals The reflection of vapour molecules at a liquid surface

1931 ◽  
Vol 131 (818) ◽  
pp. 554-564 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Saturated Vapour Pressure ◽  
Saturated Vapour ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

The rate of evaporation of a liquid may be calculated from the kinetic theory of gases if it be assumed that all vapour molecules which strike the surface enter the liquid and that, as a first approximation, the vapour behaves as a perfect gas. Under these circumstances, it follows from the kinetic theory of gases that m = mass of molecules leaving unit area per minute = mass of molecules striking unit area per minute from the saturated vapour = 14·63 P s /√T s gram/sq. cm. /min., where P s is the saturated vapour pressure in millimetres of mercury at the surface temperature T s ° A.

On Boltzmann's equation in the kinetic theory of gases

1951 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Homogeneous Solution ◽  
Velocity Distribution Function ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Perfect Gas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Spatially Homogeneous ◽  
The One

1. Boltzmann's differentio-integral equation for the molecular velocity distribution function in a perfect gas forms the natural starting-point for a mathematical treatment of the kinetic theory of gases. The classical results of Maxwell and Boltzmann in this theory are well known. They include the proof that, for simple gases, i.e. those in which the molecules have only the three translational degrees of freedom, the only stationary and spatially homogeneous solution is the one which corresponds to the Maxwellian distribution.

scholarly journals VIII. The distribution of molecular energy

1901 ◽  
Vol 196 (274-286) ◽  
pp. 397-430 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
A Value

This paper is primarily an attempt to deal with certain points connected with the application to the Kinetic Theory of Gases of Boltzmann’s Theorem on the partition of energy in a dynamical system. It is found by experiment that the ratio of the two specific heats of certain monatomic gases (e. g., mercury, argon) is 1 2/3. If we admit that the energy of these gases is distributed in the manner indicated by Boltzmann’s Theorem, then this theorem leaves no escape from the conclusion that the molecules of these gases must be rigid and geometrically perfect spheres. A similar difficulty arises in connection with other gases: the number of degrees of freedom which a consideration of the ratio in question leads us to expect a molecule of a gas to possess, is always less than the number which the spectrum of the glowing gas shows to actually exist. Further, Boltzmann’s Theorem excludes the possibility of the ratio of the two specific heats having any values except one of a certain series of values, whereas experiment shows that the ratio is not always equal to one of this series, although it is generally very near to such a value. Finally Boltzmann’s Theorem leaves no room for a variation of this ratio with the temperature, although such a variation is known to exist.

scholarly journals I. The kinetic theory of planetary atmospheres

1901 ◽  
Vol 196 (274-286) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Planetary Atmospheres ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Different Gases ◽  
Present Subject

1. The possibility of applying the Kinetic Theory to account for the presence or absence of different gases in the atmospheres surrounding the various members of our Solar System, and in particular to explain the absence of any visible atmosphere from the Moon, was first discussed by Waterston in 1846, in his memorable paper on “The Physics of Media,” that so long remained unpublished in the archives of the Royal Society. This application of the theory is distinctly mentioned in the abstract of Waterston’s paper published in 1846, which is reproduced by Lord Rayleigh as an appendix to the paper itself. Hence we may say that the kinetic theory of planetary atmospheres is as old as the kinetic theory of gases. The present subject received the attention ot Dr. Johnstone Stoney somewhere about the year 1867. It was brought under my notice by a note written by Sir Robert Ball in 1893, and in that year I read a paper before the Nottingham meeting of the British Association on “The Moon’s Atmosphere and the Kinetic Theory,” in which numerical results were obtained sufficing to account for the absence of a visible atmosphere on the Moon and the existence of such gases as hydrogen in presence of the Sun. At that time, however, I did not see clearly how to take account of axial rotation, which evidently might play an important part in whirling off the atmospheres from certain planets, and thus the results given only represented the state of affairs at points along the polar axes of the bodies in question. Owing to this objection I did not deem it desirable to publish a more detailed paper than the abstract which appeared in the Nottingham Report.

Some notes on a volume fraction mixture theory and a comparison with the kinetic theory of gases

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Hansen ◽  
R.L. Crane ◽  
M.H. Damson ◽  
R.P. Donovan ◽  
D.T. Horning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Mixture Theory ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Fraction Mixture

The Royal Society’s first rejection of the kinetic theory of gases (1821), John Herapath versus Humphry Davy

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Mathematical Inquiry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humphry Davy ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
Caloric Theory

On 24 May 1820 a manuscript entitled ‘A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes, Laws and Principal Phenomena of Heat, Gases, Gravitation, etc.’ was submitted to Davies Gilbert for publication in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . The author was John Herapath (1790-1868), and his article included a comprehensive (if somewhat faulty) exposition of the kinetic theory of gases. Sir Humphry Davy, who assumed the Presidency of the Royal Society on 30 November 1820, became primarily responsible for the fate of the article and wrote several letters to Herapath concerning it. After it became clear that there was considerable opposition to its publication by the Royal Society, Herapath withdrew the article and sent it instead to the Annals of Philosophy , where it appeared in 1821 (1). Herapath’s theory received little notice from scientists until thirty-five years later, when the kinetic theory was revived by Joule, Krönig, Clausius, and Maxwell. The incident is significant in the history of physical science because it illustrates an important distinction between the two doctrines concerning the nature of heat—the kinetic and the vibration theories—a distinction which is often forgotten because of the apparent similarity of both doctrines as contrasted with the caloric theory. It also throws some light on the character of early nineteenth century British science, both in and out of the Royal Society.

Boundary-value problems in the kinetic theory of gases. Part 2. Thermal creep

1971 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Effective Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Half Space ◽  
Thermal Creep ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Boundary Wall ◽  
Creep Velocity

The effect of a temperature gradient in a gas inclined at an angle to a boundary wall has been investigated. For an infinite half-space of gas it is found that, in addition to the conventional temperature slip problem, the component of the temperature gradient parallel to the wall induces a net mass flow known as thermal creep. We show that the temperature slip and thermal creep effects can be decoupled and treated quite separately.Expressions are obtained for the creep velocity and heat flux, both far from and at the boundary; it is noted that thermal creep tends to reduce the effective thermal conductivity of the medium.

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