scholarly journals VIII. On some physical constants of saturated solutions

1904 ◽  
Vol 203 (359-371) ◽  
pp. 189-215 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Saturated Solutions

The following work was undertaken with a view to obtaining data for the tentative application of Van der Waals’ equation to concentrated solutions. It is evidently probable that if the ordinary gas equation be applicable to dilute solutions, then that of Van der Waals’, or one of an analogous form, should apply to concentrated solutions—that is, to solutions having large osmotic pressures. Saturated solutions were taken for investigation because they presumably have the greatest osmotic pressures, and also because there is reason to believe that, in concentrated solutions at a given temperature, the greater the concentration the less the relative dissociation. For the purpose in view, measurements of volume, pressure and temperature are required.

Experimental determinations for saturated solutions.

1904 ◽  
Vol 73 (488-496) ◽  
pp. 435-436
Author(s):  
Randal Thomas Mowbray Rawdon Berkeley ◽  
Francis Henry Neville
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Determination ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Saturated Solutions

The object of this research is the experimental determination of those physical constants of concentrated solutions, which are necessary for the tentative application of the gas-law equations. Saturated solutions were chosen because, presumably, dissociation is relatively at a minimum.

Das JerJ-Butyl-Kation in Lösungen von Aluminiumbromid in Mono-, Di- und Tribrommethan / The terf-Butyl-Cation in Solutions of Aluminium Bromide in Mono-, Di- and Tribromomethane

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 891-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brüggeller ◽  
Erwin Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Shift ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nmr Chemical Shift ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Saturated Solutions

Abstract The tert-butyl cation is formed from tert-BuBr in concentrated solutions of AlBr3 in CH3Br, CH2Br2 and CHBr3 and was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Stabilization of the cation depends strongly on the AlBr3 concentration: in CH3Br saturated with AlBr3, C(CH3)3+ is formed in 80% yield; in dilute solutions of AlBr3 in CH3Br the usual de-composition occurs. In saturated solutions of AlBr3 in CH2Br2 and CHBr3 the C(CH3)3+ yield is 60 and 40%, resp. The concentration of the cation decreases in all three solvents by 20 to 30% within 10 days at room temp. In concentrated solutions of AlBr3 in CH3Br the formation of the methyl-tert-butylbromonium ion as a rapidly equilibrating species is suggested. The 1H NMR chemical shift of C(CHs)3+ in the presence of AlBr3 (δ = 5.19 in CHsBr, δ = 5.23 in CH2Br2, δ = 5.35 in CHBr3) indicates strong deshielding in comparison with shifts in SbF5 and SbF5/SO2

scholarly journals THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF GELATIN IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH SOLUTIONS OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

1930 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Adair ◽  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation ◽  
The Ideal

The osmotic pressures and the membrane equilibrium of chloride ions have been determined for solutions of gelatin in equilibrium with solutions of magnesium chloride containing from 4.0 to 9.0 equivalents per litre. The pressures increase more rapidly than the concentration, an effect represented by a high value of the term "b" in van der Waals' equation p (V – b) = RT. Calculations made by a thermodynamical formula which makes allowances for deviations from the ideal solution laws show that the high value of "b" is not due to an unequal distribution of diffusible ions. The theory that the high values of the hydration estimated from viscosity formulae account for the magnitude of "b" has been examined and the conclusion has been reached that the term "b" for gelatin as well as for haemoglobin is considerably larger than the volume of the protein hydrate.

Molecular Transformations in DNA under the Influence of UV-radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vigen G. Barkhudaryan ◽  
Gayane V. Ananyan ◽  
Nelli H. Karapetyan
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Calf Thymus Dna ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
Dna Solutions

Background: The processes of destruction and crosslinking of macromolecules occur simultaneously under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in synthetic polymers, dry DNA and their concentrated solutions. Objective: The effect of UV radiation on calf thymus DNA in dilute solutions subjected to UV- irradiation was studied in this work. Method: The calf thymus DNA was studied in dilute solutions using viscometry, absorption spectroscopy and electrophoresis. Results: It was shown, that at a low concentration of DNA in the buffer solution ([DNA] = 85 μg / ml) under the influence of UV radiation, the processes of destruction of macromolecules and an increase in their flexibility predominate, which is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the viscosity of their solution. In addition, due to the low concentration of the solution, intramolecular crosslinking of macromolecules predominates, which also reduces their size and, consequently, the viscosity of the solution. Conclusion: It was concluded, that in dilute DNA solutions, due to the predominance of the processes of intramolecular crosslinking of macromolecules over intermolecular, only constant processes of decreasing the sizes of DNA macromolecules occur. As a result, its solubility remains virtually unchanged during UV irradiation. The described comments are also excellently confirmed by the results of absorption spectroscopy and electrophoresis

scholarly journals Limiting temperature of pion gas with the van der Waals equation of state

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 095105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R V Poberezhnyuk ◽  
V Vovchenko ◽  
D V Anchishkin ◽  
M I Gorenstein
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

scholarly journals The van der Waals equation: analytical and approximate solutions

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario N. Berberan-Santos ◽  
Evgeny N. Bodunov ◽  
Lionello Pogliani
Keyword(s):  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

From Van der Waals' equation to the scaling laws

Physica ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M.H. Levelt Sengers
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

scholarly journals Nonlinear Processes in Safety Systems for Substances with Parameters Close to a Critical State

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
M. R. Koroleva ◽  
◽  
O. V. Mishchenkova ◽  
V. A. Tenenev ◽  
T. Raeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Critical State ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Safety Valve ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Local Approximation ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Nonlinear Processes ◽  
Real Gas ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

The paper presents a modification of the digital method by S. K. Godunov for calculating real gas flows under conditions close to a critical state. The method is generalized to the case of the Van der Waals equation of state using the local approximation algorithm. Test calculations of flows in a shock tube have shown the validity of this approach for the mathematical description of gas-dynamic processes in real gases with shock waves and contact discontinuity both in areas with classical and nonclassical behavior patterns. The modified digital scheme by Godunov with local approximation of the Van der Waals equation by a two-term equation of state was used for simulating a spatial flow of real gas based on Navier – Stokes equations in the area of a complex shape, which is characteristic of the internal space of a safety valve. We have demonstrated that, under near-critical conditions, areas of nonclassical gas behavior may appear, which affects the nature of flows. We have studied nonlinear processes in a safety valve arising from the movement of the shut-off element, which are also determined by the device design features and the gas flow conditions.

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