scholarly journals THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF GELATIN IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH SOLUTIONS OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

1930 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Adair ◽  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation ◽  
The Ideal

The osmotic pressures and the membrane equilibrium of chloride ions have been determined for solutions of gelatin in equilibrium with solutions of magnesium chloride containing from 4.0 to 9.0 equivalents per litre. The pressures increase more rapidly than the concentration, an effect represented by a high value of the term "b" in van der Waals' equation p (V – b) = RT. Calculations made by a thermodynamical formula which makes allowances for deviations from the ideal solution laws show that the high value of "b" is not due to an unequal distribution of diffusible ions. The theory that the high values of the hydration estimated from viscosity formulae account for the magnitude of "b" has been examined and the conclusion has been reached that the term "b" for gelatin as well as for haemoglobin is considerably larger than the volume of the protein hydrate.

scholarly journals VIII. On some physical constants of saturated solutions

1904 ◽  
Vol 203 (359-371) ◽  
pp. 189-215 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Saturated Solutions

The following work was undertaken with a view to obtaining data for the tentative application of Van der Waals’ equation to concentrated solutions. It is evidently probable that if the ordinary gas equation be applicable to dilute solutions, then that of Van der Waals’, or one of an analogous form, should apply to concentrated solutions—that is, to solutions having large osmotic pressures. Saturated solutions were taken for investigation because they presumably have the greatest osmotic pressures, and also because there is reason to believe that, in concentrated solutions at a given temperature, the greater the concentration the less the relative dissociation. For the purpose in view, measurements of volume, pressure and temperature are required.

scholarly journals The thermodynamic analysis of the observed osmotic pressures of protein salts in solutions of finite concentration

1929 ◽  
Vol 126 (800) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Protein Ions ◽  
Finite Concentration ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
General Method ◽  
The Ideal

The application of Dalton’s law of partial pressures to the osmotic pressures of mixtures of protein salts and diffusible salts has been discussed in a previous communication. The observed osmotic pressures of protein salts, measured with membranes permeable by water and other crystalloids but impermeable by the protein, are difficult to interpret until they have been analysed in terms of the partial osmotic pressures of protein ions and of diffusible ions. The partial osmotic pressure of the protein ions, symbolised p p , may be calculated from the observed osmotic pressure p by the formula p = p p + P i , in which P i represents the “ion pressure difference,” or the pressure due to the excess of diffusible ions inside the membrane. The provisional estimates of these partial pressures, p p and p i , published in the paper referred to above, depend upon a number of simplifying assumptions concerning the deviations from the ideal solution laws in mixtures of protein salts and diffusible salts, and the range of application of the approximate formulæ employed is restricted to mixtures in which the equivalent concentration of the protein salt is relatively small. In order to confirm the provisional results and to interpret the osmotic pressures of concentrated protein solutions, a more general method, based on Gibb’s fundamental equations, is developed in this paper.

scholarly journals Malmquist Productivity Index by Extended VIKOR Method Using Interval Numbers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fallah ◽  
Amir Mohajeri ◽  
Esmaeil Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Malmquist Productivity Index ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Vikor Method ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Interval Numbers ◽  
Productivity Rate ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Ideal

The VIKOR method was developed for multicriteria optimization of complex systems. It determines the compromise ranking list and the compromise solution obtained with the given weights. This method focuses on ranking and selecting from a set of alternatives in the presence of conflicting criteria. Here, the VIKOR method is used for two timestandt+1. In order to calculate the progress or regression via Malmquist productivity index, the positive and negative ideals at timestandt+1are calculated first. Then we introduce the multi-criteria ranking index based on the particular measure of “closeness” to the ideal solution and calculate the separation of each alternative from the ideal solution at timestandt+1. Then we use the Malmquist productivity index to calculate the progress or regression of all alternatives. In this paper, productivity of alternatives available in decision matrix with interval numbers and their improvement or deterioration is researched. To achieve this practical goal, use of extended VIKOR is made to calculate Malmquist productivity index for multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem with interval numbers, and by applying Malmquist productivity index, productivity rate of growth for alternatives is calculated. Finally, a numerical example illustrates and clarifies the main results developed in this paper.

scholarly journals Limiting temperature of pion gas with the van der Waals equation of state

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 095105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R V Poberezhnyuk ◽  
V Vovchenko ◽  
D V Anchishkin ◽  
M I Gorenstein
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

scholarly journals The van der Waals equation: analytical and approximate solutions

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario N. Berberan-Santos ◽  
Evgeny N. Bodunov ◽  
Lionello Pogliani
Keyword(s):  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Van Der Waals Equation

Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making-based optimal Zn–Al alloy selection in corrosive environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 953-963
Author(s):  
Ankur V. Bansod ◽  
Awanikumar P. Patil ◽  
Kanak Kalita ◽  
B. D. Deshmukh ◽  
Nilay Khobragade
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Multicriteria Decision ◽  
Al Content ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Suitable material selection with emphasis on a specific property or application is an indispensable part of engineering sciences. It is a complex process that involves multiple criteria and often multiple decision makers. The tendency of decision makers to specify their preference in terms of imprecise qualitative statements like ‘good’, ‘bad’ etc. poses a further challenge. Thus, in this research, a comprehensive multicriteria decision-making study was conducted to select the optimal Zn-Al alloy based on performance in a corrosive environment. Four variants of technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution were used to perform the multicriteria decision-making analysis. Group decision and imprecise decision making is handled by incorporating the fuzzy theory concept in a technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution. The effect of addition of aluminium to zinc was studied by examination of microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behaviour. The result indicates that an increase in Al content increases the formation of dendrites. The dendrites were rich in the α phase, which results in an increase in hardness. An increase in Al content in Zn (Zn-22Al and Zn-55Al) results in the uniform distribution of the a phase in the microstructure and reduction of non-equilibrium phases. The potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed that an increase in Al in the alloy decreases the corrosion current density. The weight loss test carried out to validate the potentiodynamic test findings exhibited higher weight loss in pure Zn and lowest in Zn-55Al. Similar results were observed in the salt spray test. The multicriteria decision-making analysis revealed that Zn-55Al is the most suitable alloy in a corrosive environment among the tested alloys.

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