Introductory Remarks

1981 ◽  
Vol 293 (1063) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The three aspects of the enzymes of glycolysis - structure, activity and evolution - are, of course, closely interlinked, because catalytic activity, as well as regulatory properties, depend on structure. As for evolution, a relevant general principle of evolution by natural selection states that the chances of survival in a competitive environment are greatest if optimal use is made of resources. From this principle arises the question: are the structures of enzymes optimal or can more effective enzymes be visualized? In attempting to answer this question one must bear in mind that the main physiological significance of glycolysis is to, provide energy under anaerobic conditions. To make clear what I have in mind about the relations between evolution, structure and function, I should like to illustrate my point by a recent experience in a neighbouring field, that of aerobic energy-providing processes.

Tunable assembly of biomimetic peptoids as templates to control nanostructure catalytic activity

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (26) ◽  
pp. 12445-12452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Merrill ◽  
Feng Yan ◽  
Haibao Jin ◽  
Peng Mu ◽  
Chun-Long Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Tunable peptoid assembly directs the control over structure and function of Pd nanomaterial catalysts.

The N-terminal ubiquitin-binding region of ubiquitin-specific protease 28 modulates its deubiquitination function: NMR structural and mechanistic insights

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wen ◽  
Li Shi ◽  
Yiluan Ding ◽  
Rong Cui ◽  
Wen-tian He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Ubiquitin Binding ◽  
Specific Protease ◽  
Ubiquitin Specific Protease ◽  
And Function

We have characterized the structure and function of the N-terminal UBR of Usp28 in this study. Our findings are helpful for a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism in the control of catalytic activity of DUBs.

scholarly journals Activity and Affinity of Pin1 Variants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Born ◽  
Morkos A. Henen ◽  
Beat Vögeli
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ligand Binding Site ◽  
Prolyl Isomerase ◽  
Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase ◽  
Isomerase Activity ◽  
Ppiase Domain ◽  
And Function

Pin1 is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase responsible for isomerizing phosphorylated S/T-P motifs. Pin1 has two domains that each have a distinct ligand binding site, but only its PPIase domain has catalytic activity. Vast evidence supports interdomain allostery of Pin1, with binding of a ligand to its regulatory WW domain impacting activity in the PPIase domain. Many diverse studies have made mutations in Pin1 in order to elucidate interactions that are responsible for ligand binding, isomerase activity, and interdomain allostery. Here, we summarize these mutations and their impact on Pin1’s structure and function.

scholarly journals X-ray crystal structure and specificity of the Toxoplasma gondii ME49 TgAPN2

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (19) ◽  
pp. 3819-3832
Author(s):  
Emilia M. Marijanovic ◽  
Karolina Weronika Swiderska ◽  
James Andersen ◽  
Jasmin C. Aschenbrenner ◽  
Chaille T. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Comparative Structure ◽  
And Function

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii that currently has few therapeutic options. The M1 aminopeptidase enzymes have been shown to be attractive targets for anti-parasitic agents and/or vaccine candidates, suggesting potential to re-purpose inhibitors between parasite M1 aminopeptidase targets. The M1 aminopeptidase TgAPN2 has been suggested to be a potential new drug target for toxoplasmosis. Here we investigate the structure and function of TgAPN2, a homologue of the antimalarial drug target PfA-M1, and evaluate the capacity to use inhibitors that target PfA-M1 against TgAPN2. The results show that despite a similar overall fold, the TgAPN2 has a unique substrate specificity and inhibition profile. Sequence and structure differences are investigated and show how comparative structure-activity relationships may provide a route to obtaining potent inhibitors of TgAPN2.

Changes in Energy Metabolism, Structure and Function in Alveolar Macrophages under Anaerobic Conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Butterick ◽  
David A. Williams ◽  
Laurence A. Boxer ◽  
Ralph A. Jersild ◽  
Jr Nancy Mantich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Parental effects in ecology and evolution: mechanisms, processes and implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1520) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V Badyaev ◽  
Tobias Uller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Composite Nature ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
And Function ◽  
Developmental Dynamics

As is the case with any metaphor, parental effects mean different things to different biologists—from developmental induction of novel phenotypic variation to an evolved adaptation, and from epigenetic transference of essential developmental resources to a stage of inheritance and ecological succession. Such a diversity of perspectives illustrates the composite nature of parental effects that, depending on the stage of their expression and whether they are considered a pattern or a process, combine the elements of developmental induction, homeostasis, natural selection, epigenetic inheritance and historical persistence. Here, we suggest that by emphasizing the complexity of causes and influences in developmental systems and by making explicit the links between development, natural selection and inheritance, the study of parental effects enables deeper understanding of developmental dynamics of life cycles and provides a unique opportunity to explicitly integrate development and evolution. We highlight these perspectives by placing parental effects in a wider evolutionary framework and suggest that far from being only an evolved static outcome of natural selection, a distinct channel of transmission between parents and offspring, or a statistical abstraction, parental effects on development enable evolution by natural selection by reliably transferring developmental resources needed to reconstruct, maintain and modify genetically inherited components of the phenotype. The view of parental effects as an essential and dynamic part of an evolutionary continuum unifies mechanisms behind the origination, modification and historical persistence of organismal form and function, and thus brings us closer to a more realistic understanding of life's complexity and diversity.

scholarly journals Activity and Affinity of Pin1 Variants

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Alexandra Born ◽  
Morkos A. Henen ◽  
Beat Vögeli
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ligand Binding Site ◽  
Prolyl Isomerase ◽  
Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase ◽  
Isomerase Activity ◽  
Ppiase Domain ◽  
And Function

Pin1 is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase responsible for isomerizing phosphorylated S/T-P motifs. Pin1 has two domains that each have a distinct ligand binding site, but only its PPIase domain has catalytic activity. Vast evidence supports interdomain allostery of Pin1, with binding of a ligand to its regulatory WW domain impacting activity in the PPIase domain. Many diverse studies have made mutations in Pin1 in order to elucidate interactions that are responsible for ligand binding, isomerase activity, and interdomain allostery. Here, we summarize these mutations and their impact on Pin1′s structure and function.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

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