Introduction

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1336) ◽  
pp. 125-126
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Multicellular Eukaryote ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Extracellular Signalling

The environments of multicellular eukaryote organisms, including mammals, contain an extraordinary variety of extracellular signalling molecules that regulate body form and function by orchestrating cell and tissue growth, cell differentiation and the behaviour of mature cells. To control themselves properly, eukaryote cells must mount correct responses to this abundance of external chemical influences. How much of their genome of ~ 10 5 genes they commit to this task remains uncertain, but it must be substantial: maybe ~ 10 4 genes in a mammal?

Wandering anatomists and itinerant anthropologists: the antipodean sciences of race in Britain between the wars

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSS L. JONES ◽  
WARWICK ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Human Variation ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
A Site

AbstractWhile the British Empire conventionally is recognized as a source of research subjects and objects in anthropology, and a site where anthropological expertise might inform public administration, the settler-colonial affiliations and experiences of many leading physical anthropologists could also directly shape theories of human variation, both physical and cultural. Antipodean anthropologists like Grafton Elliot Smith were pre-adapted to diffusionist models that explained cultural achievement in terms of the migration, contact and mixing of peoples. Trained in comparative methods, these fractious cosmopolitans also favoured a dynamic human biology, often emphasizing the heterogeneity and environmental plasticity of body form and function, and viewing fixed, static racial typologies and hierarchies sceptically. By following leading representatives of empire anatomy and physical anthropology, such as Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones, around the globe, it is possible to recover the colonial entanglements and biases of interwar British anthropology, moving beyond a simple inventory of imperial sources, and crediting human biology and social anthropology not just as colonial sciences but as the sciences of itinerant colonials.

The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Angst ◽  
C. Marcozzi ◽  
A.I. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Desmosomal Cadherins ◽  
Extracellular Region ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cadherin Superfamily

Over recent years cadherins have emerged as a growing superfamily of molecules, and a complex picture of their structure and their biological functions is becoming apparent. Variation in their extracellular region leads to the large potential for recognition properties of this superfamily. This is demonstrated strikingly by the recently discovered FYN-binding CNR-protocadherins; these exhibit alternative expression of the extracellular portion, which could lead to distinct cell recognition in different neuronal populations, whereas their cytoplasmic part, and therefore intracellular interactions, is constant. Diversity in the cytoplasmic moiety of the cadherins imparts specificity to their interactions with cytoplasmic components; for example, classical cadherins interact with catenins and the actin filament network, desmosomal cadherins interact with catenins and the intermediate filament system and CNR-cadherins interact with the SRC-family kinase FYN. Recent evidence suggests that CNR-cadherins, 7TM-cadherins and T-cadherin, which is tethered to the membrane by a GPI anchor, all localise to lipid rafts, specialised cell membrane domains rich in signalling molecules. Originally thought of as cell adhesion molecules, cadherin superfamily molecules are now known to be involved in many biological processes, such as cell recognition, cell signalling, cell communication, morphogenesis, angiogenesis and possibly even neurotransmission.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC ANGIOGENESIS BY GROWTH FACTORS AND BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS ADMINISTRATION: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION AND CLINICAL PROSPECTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-111
Author(s):  
D. V. Bulgin ◽  
O. V. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Angiogenesis ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Angiogenesis is the process of new capillary formation by migration and proliferation of differentiated endothelial cells from pre-existing microvascular network. A number of angiogenic molecules and cell populations are involved in this complex of new vessel formation cascades resulting in the determination and organization of new tridimensional vascular network. The goal of therapeutic angiogenesis is to stimulate angiogenesis to improve perfusion, to deliver survival factors to sites of tissue repair, to mobilize regenerative stem cell populations, andultimately to restore form and function to the tissue. Growth factors and bone marrow as a source of bone marrow mononuclear cells represent a very interesting research fi eld for the realization of therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. They provide a potential key component in the healing processes of ischemic injured tissues.

Anthropometry in the Normative Aging Study of Veterans: Physique and Age, Serum Cholesterol, Uric Acid, and Personality

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Damon ◽  
Carl C. Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Normative Aging Study ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Normative Aging ◽  
And Function

The notion that human body form and function are related is strong in folklore and literature, and in medicine dates back at least to Hippocrates. The Normative Aging Study is in a position to test this belief among large numbers of healthy subjects followed over their adult lifetimes. The goals, procedures, and early findings of the morphologic aspect of the Normative Aging Study are presented in this article.

Cellular and molecular actions of CCN2/CTGF and its role under physiological and pathological conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kubota ◽  
Masaharu Takigawa
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Matricellular Proteins ◽  
Ccn Family ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Molecular Action ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Biological Outcomes ◽  
Extracellular Signalling

CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), also widely known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of the founding members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins. Extensive investigation on CCN2 over decades has revealed the novel molecular action and functional properties of this unique signalling modulator. By its interaction with multiple molecular counterparts, CCN2 yields highly diverse and context-dependent biological outcomes in a variety of microenvironments. Nowadays, CCN2 is recognized to conduct the harmonized development of relevant tissues, such as cartilage and bone, in the skeletal system, by manipulating extracellular signalling molecules involved therein by acting as a hub through a web. However, on the other hand, CCN2 occasionally plays profound roles in major human biological disorders, including fibrosis and malignancies in major organs and tissues, by modulating the actions of key molecules involved in these clinical entities. In this review, the physiological and pathological roles of this unique protein are comprehensively summarized from a molecular network-based viewpoint of CCN2 functionalities.

Biostereometrics–The Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Body form and Function

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
R. E. Herron
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Biological Form ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function

The fact that the human body form is irregular and three-dimensional calls for a revision of the mathematical strategy which underlies modern anthropometry. Traditional linear anthropometric methods are inadequate for many modern research and clinical needs, where comprehensive three-dimensional (or four-dimensional, when the dimension of time is included) information is required. Recent developments in stereometric sensing technology and computer processing have opened up new opportunities to implement stereometric strategies in such areas as traffic safety engineering, consumer product design, fitting of artificial limbs, clothing evaluation and cockpit geometry among others. It is important to understand that the mathematical strategy which underlies biostereometrics– the spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of biological form and function based on principles of analytic geometry–is the main focus of attention in this work; the development and refinement of different stereometric sensors, though essential, is a secondary concern. Already a wide variety of stereometric sensing technology is available and no doubt further methods will be developed as specific needs are better defined. The presentation will include illustrations from over thirty projects carried out during the last six years.

Orthopaedic Application Of Spatio Temporal Analysis Of Body Form And Function

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tauber ◽  
J. Au ◽  
S. Bernstein ◽  
A. Grant ◽  
J. Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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