scholarly journals VII. On the electrolysis of secondary compounds. In a letter addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq., D. C. L. F. R. S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, &c. &c. &c. By J. Frederic Daniell, Esq. F. R. S., Prof. Chem. in King's College, London

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
King's College ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday

My dear Faraday, I Have no doubt that you will agree with me in thinking that the decomposition of secondary compounds by the voltaic current, particularly in connexion with water, has not yet received all the attention which it deserves, and that the subject is worthy of further experimental research. When water is present in an electrolyte, you have yourself remarked that it is probable that it is always resolved into its first principles; and, on the other hand, the early experiments of Sir H. Davy prove that when saline substances are present in water, even in the minutest quantities, they are also separated into their elements, or into their proximate principles. Whether these simultaneous decompositions bear any relation to each other, has never, that I am aware of, been made the object of inquiry.

scholarly journals XI. Second letter on the electrolysis of secondary compounds. Addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq. D. C. L. F. R. S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, &c. &c. &c. By J . Frederic Daniell, Esq. F. R. S. For. Sec. R. S., Prof. Chem. in King's College, London

1840 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 209-224
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
King's College ◽  
Usual Manner ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday ◽  
Epsom Salt

My dear Faraday, You will not, I think, be surprised or displeased at my addressing you again upon the Electrolysis of Secondary Compounds . The whole of my very limited leisure, since my last Letter which the Royal Society did me the honour to publish in the Philosophical Transactions for 1839, has been occupied with experiments upon the subject; and I have obtained some results which I trust will not be found unworthy of the continued attention of yourself and the Society. The mode of investigation which I have adopted seems to me calculated not only to throw light upon the nature of electrolytes, but upon the mode in which the chemical elements group themselves together to constitute Radicles or Proximate Principles , the question which now seems universally to occupy the attention of chemists. I feel more than ever satisfied that the laws of electrolysis will be found to lead to the solution of this great problem. Upon reflecting upon the constitution of the oxyacid salts, as developed in my last Letter, I conceived that it might be possible to obtain further evidence that the simple cathion travelled as a metal to the platinode, while the compound anion was passing in the opposite direction; and that means might be devised of stopping it, as it were, in transitu . Your beautiful experiment, which I have often repeated with success, of precipitating the magnesia from a solution of Epsom salt against a surface of pure water, in the course of a voltaic current, suggested the mode of proceeding. According to my view of that experiment, the first electrolyte was resolved into the compound anion, sulphuric acid + oxygen, which passed to the zincode; and the simple cathion, magnesium, which on its passage to the platinode was stopped at the surface of water, from not finding any ion , by temporarily combining with which it could be further transferred according to the laws of electrolysis. At this point, therefore, it gave up its charge to the hydrogen of the water, which passed in the usual manner to the platinode; and the circuit was completed by the decomposition of this second electrolyte. The corresponding oxygen, of course, met the magnesium at the point where it was arrested in its progress, and, combining with it, magnesia was precipitated.

scholarly journals On the electrolysis of secondary compounds. In a letter addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq., D. C. L., F. R. S., Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, &c., &c. By John Frederic Daniell, Esq., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry in King’s College, London

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 153-155
Keyword(s):  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Compound A ◽  
King's College ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Present Letter ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday ◽  
Made In

The discovery of definite electrochemical action naturally suggests the inquiry into the relative proportion of that part of a voltaic current, which, in the case of its decomposing a saline solution, is carried by the elements of the water, and that part which is carried by the elements of the saline compound, and into the definite relations, if any such there be, subsisting between the two electrolytes so decomposed. This question was the origin of the investigation which forms the subject of the present letter. The power which the author employed in this experimental inquiry was that of a small constant battery of thirty cells, six inches in height, with tubes of earthenware, charged in the manner he has described in his former communications to the Society. The result of the first experiment evidently indicated that the decomposition of one equivalent of water was accompanied by the decomposition of an exact equivalent of sulphate of soda. The author then endeavours to ascertain whether the power of the current is equally divided between what had hitherto been regarded as the two equivalent electrolytes. The first experiments he made in order to determine this point seemed to lead to the extraordinary conclusion, that the same current which is just sufficient to separate an equivalent of oxygen from an equivalent of hydrogen in one vessel, will at the same time separate an equivalent of oxygen from one of hydrogen, and also an equivalent of sulphuric acid from one of soda in another vessel. The author then examines the remarkable phenomena relative to the transfer of matter from one electrode to the other without the decomposition of the transported compound; a phenomenon which was first observed by Mr. Porret in glass cells divided into two compartments by a diaphragm of bladder.

VI. Fifth letter on voltaic combinations, with some account of the effects of a large constant battery. Addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq. D. C. L. F. R. S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, &c. &c. &c. By J. Frederic Daniell, Esq. F. R. S., Prof. Chem. in King's College, London

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Conducting Surface ◽  
Conducting Sphere ◽  
Active Point ◽  
King's College ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday

My dear Faraday, In my last letter to you, which the Royal Society have done me the honour to publish in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838, I observed, that “the principal circumstance which might be supposed to limit the power of an active point within a conducting sphere, in any given electrolyte, is the resistance of that electrolyte, which increases in a certain ratio to its depth or thickness.” The superficial measure of the conducting sphere, and the distance of the generating metal, or the depth and resistance of the electrolyte, are, in fact, the variable conditions in a voltaic combination upon which its efficiency depends; and their relations require further investigation before we shall be able to determine what may be the proper proportions for the economical application of the power to useful purposes. I shall venture, therefore, to trouble you with the results of some further experiments upon the subject, and upon different combinations of the constant battery, before I proceed to communicate some observations upon Electrolysis, which I trust you will find not without interest, and to which, according to my plan, my attention has been lately exclusively directed. Looking, for a moment, upon the affinity which circulates in the battery as a radiant force, it seemed desirable to ascertain what would be the result of intercepting the rays by the conducting surface nearer to their centre than in the arrangements which have been previously described, as the relation of the generating and conducting metals to each other might be thereby more clearly ascertained.

scholarly journals Second letter on the electrolysis of secondary compounds, addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq., D. C. L., F. R. S., &c. By J. Frederic Daniell. Esq., For. Sec. R. S., Professor of Chemistry in King's College, London

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 231-231
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
King's College ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday ◽  
Acid Salts

The author, in this letter, prosecutes the inquiry he had commenced in the former one, into the mode in which the chemical elements group themselves together to constitute radicles , or proximate principles. He considers his experiments as establishing the principle that, considered as electrolytes, the inorganic oxy-acid salts must be regarded as compounds of metals, or of that extraordinary compound of nitrogen and four equivalents of hydrogen to which Berzelius has given the name of ammonium , and compound anions, chlorine, iodine, &c., of the Haloide salts; and as showing that this evidence goes far to establish experimentally the hypothesis originally brought forward by Davy, of the general analogy in the constitution of all salts, whether derived from oxy-acids or hydro-acids. Some remarks are made on the subject of nomenclature, and the rest of the paper is occupied with the details of the experiments, all bearing on the important subject which he has undertaken to investigate.

scholarly journals Further observations on voltaic combinations; in a letter addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq., D. C. L. F. R. S., Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, &c. &c. By John Frederick Daniell, Esq., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry in King's College, London

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 469-471
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
King's College ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday

In the course of an inquiry on the effects of changes of temperature upon voltaic action, the author was led to observe some curious disturbances and divisions of the electric current produced by the battery, arising from secondary combinations; the results of which observations form the subject of the present paper. He found that the resistance to the passage of the current was diminished by dissolving the sulphate of copper which was in contact with the copper in the standard sulphuric acid, instead of water. The increased effect of the current, as measured by the voltameter, was farther augmented by the heat evolved during the mixture; and wishing to study the influence of temperature in modifying these effects, the author placed the cells of the battery in a tub, filled with hot water. On charging the cells with a solution of muriate of ammonia in the interior, and aqueous solution of sulphate of copper in the exterior compartment, he observed that a portion of the current is discharged by the water in which the apparatus was immersed; its passage being indicated by the disengagement of gas betwixt the adjacent cells, in which case, one of the zinc rods is thrown out of action, and the copper of that cell acts merely as an electrode to the antecedent zinc. A saturated solution of common salt was next placed in contact with the zinc, while the exterior compartments of the cells were filled with a saturated aqueous solution of sulphate of copper; but the effects were much diminished. It thus appeared that the substitution of solutions of the muriates for dilute sulphuric acid was in every way disadvantageous; and it was moreover found that, when the circuit was broken, the copper became seriously injured by their action, and by the formation of a submuriate of that metal.

scholarly journals VIII. Sixth letter on voltaic combinations. Addressed to Michael Faraday, Esq., D. C. L. F. R. S., Fullerian Prof. Chem. Royal Institution, &c. &c. &c. By J. Frederic Daniell, Esq., For. Sec. R. S., Prof. Chem. in King's College, London

1842 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 137-155 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
King's College ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Michael Faraday

My dear Faraday, I Must beg permission to address you once more upon the subject of Voltaic Combinations. To this I am prompted by several considerations. In the first place, the beautiful law of Ohm, and the simple expression which he has given of the electromotive force and resistances of a voltaic circuit, enable me to review with advantage, and to correct, many of the conclusions which I had derived from former experiments; and have suggested additional experiments, the results of which will tend, I trust, to remove some obscurities and ambiguities which were left in my former communications.

Applied Anthropology in 1860

1942 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
H. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Life

Much has been written of William Duncan, "the Apostle of Alaska", who came to the coast of northern British Columbia in 1857 as a missionary to the Tsimshian Indians. Although he deplored it, in the course of his sixty years' residence in this area controversy raged around him as a result of his clashes with church and state, and his work has been the subject of numerous investigations, both public and private. His enemies have called him a tyrant and a ruthless exploiter of the Indians under his control; and there are men still living who find a disproportionate amount of evil in the good that he did, especially during the declining years of his long life. On the other hand, he has had ardent and articulate supporters who have written numerous articles and no less than three books in praise of his self-sacrificing ideals and the soundness of his program for civilizing the Indian.

On Research and Other Matters

1922 ◽  
Vol 26 (140) ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
S. Heckstall Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stimulation Of

If the thought of another war troubles you, then don't read this article. If you would rather say to yourself as the Secretary of State said to the Air Conference, “ There won't be another war for ten years, so why worry? ” then no doubt you will think with him that it is better to let other nations have alk the bother and expense of trying to advance; after all, we are jolly fine fellows and can soon pick up. If, on the other hand, you have imagination which gives you a nasty queasy sensation when you think of what might be, then perhaps the following notes, albeit disjointed and mostly stale, may at least conjure up in you thoughts of your own on the subject. This is all that is needed to help, our advancement in the air–the stimulation of spoken and written thoughts by the British nation, for if every taxpayer in the British Empire says “ Air Force,” then the Press and Parliament will say it too.

An Archaic Vase with Representation of a Marriage Procession

1880 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
Cecil Smith
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Greek Vases ◽  
The Subject

The vase which forms the subject of this memoir has been thought worthy of publication, both because it belongs to a type of which we have as yet but few examples, and also on account of the peculiar interest attaching to the design painted upon it. Its probable age can only be a matter of conjecture, as some of the vases of the class to which it belongs have been considered by archaeologists to be late imitations of the archaic, while on the other hand the internal evidence of the painting would seem to assign it to a place among the earliest class of Greek vases. It is figured on Plate VII.It is a circular dish with two handles, 3 inches high by 11¾ inches diameter, composed of a soft reddish clay of a yielding surface; the painting is laid on in a reddish brown, in some parts so thinly as to be transparent, and in other parts has rubbed away with the surface, so that it has acquired that patchy appearance generally characteristic of vase pictures of this type. The drawing, though crude and in parts almost grotesque, is executed with great spirit and freedom of style,—and thus could hardly have been the work of a late provincial artist—while in the shape of the column and of the wheel of the cart, in the prominent nose and chin which admit of no distinction between bearded and beardless faces, and in the angular contour of the human figures, we recognise features peculiar to an archaic period of art.

Dynamic Stability of Ni FCC Crystal under Isotropic Tension

2013 ◽  
Vol 592-593 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Petr Řehák ◽  
Miroslav Černý
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Wave Vector ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Lattice Dynamics ◽  
Harmonic Approximation ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Critical Strains

Lattice dynamics and stability of fcc crystal of Ni under isotropic (hydrostatic) tensile loading are studied from first principles using supercell method and a harmonic approximation. According to the results, strength of the crystal is determined by occurrence of an instability related to soft phonons with finite wave vector. On the other hand, the critical strains and stresses associated with such instabilities are only slightly lower than those related to the volumetric instability.

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