scholarly journals Age-related Changes in the Prevalence of Precipitating Antibodies to BK Virus in Infants and Children

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dei ◽  
F. Marmo ◽  
D. Corte ◽  
M. G. Sampietro ◽  
E. Franceschini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bk Virus ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Age Related ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Developmental Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Lu ◽  
Sara Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Drug Absorption ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Tubular Secretion ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Infants And Children

Information on drug absorption and disposition in infants and children has increased considerably over the past 2 decades. However, the impact of specific age-related effects on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose requirements remains poorly understood. Absorption can be affected by the differences in gastric pH and stomach emptying time that have been observed in the pediatric population. Low plasma protein concentrations and a higher body water composition can change drug distribution. Metabolic processes are often immature at birth, which can lead to a reduced clearance and a prolonged half-life for those drugs for which metabolism is a significant mechanism for elimination. Renal excretion is also reduced in neonates due to immature glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption. Limited data are available on the pharmacodynamic behavior of drugs in the pediatric population. Understanding these age effects provide a mechanistic way to identify initial doses for the pediatric population. The various factors that impact pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics mature towards adult values at different rates, thus requiring continual modification of drug dose regimens in neonates, infants, and children. In this paper, the age-related changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination in infants and children are reviewed, and the age-related dosing regimens for this population are discussed.

scholarly journals Changes in thickness of cortex and its layers in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum in postnatal ontogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
T. A. Tsekhmistrenko ◽  
S. V. Klochkova ◽  
A. B. Mazloev ◽  
D. B. Nikityuk ◽  
D. K. Obukhov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
In Infants And Children

Objective– the study of age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children.Material and methods.The work is performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellum), obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died as a result of injuries without brain damage. Using computer morphometry on the painted method Nissle frontal histological sections of cortex, taken in region right and left posterior quadrangular lobules (H VI) on top of the folia of cerebellum, was measured the cortical thickness and the thickness of molecular and granular layers. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals.Results. The posterior lobe of the cerebellum the increase in the thickness of the cortex in the left hemisphere occurs in two stages: from birth to 1 year and then to 2 years, in the right hemisphere in three stages: from birth to 1 year, and 2 and 7 years. Right-sided asymmetry of the thickness of the cerebellar cortex observed in infants and children 7 years of age, thickness of granular layer in infants and children 9 years. Left-hand asymmetry is specific to cortical thickness and its molecular layer in children 12 months.Conclusion. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule H VI increases during early childhood, and in the right hemisphere also during the first childhood. Reducing the diameter of the cortex and layer in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years of age are not detected.

Understanding chest radiographs of infants and children: the AIR systematic approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
RL Beckstrand
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Plain Radiograph ◽  
Chest Radiographs ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Radiological Image ◽  
In Infants And Children

A plain radiograph of the chest is the most frequently requested radiological image in infants and children. Assessing chest radiographs of infants and children can be challenging because of the age-related differences in normal anatomic structures, the effect of inhalation and exhalation during the imaging, and the direction of rotation. An understanding of basic radiographic principles is necessary before beginning to interpret chest films of infants and children. Use of the AIR approach can help nurses begin to understand and assess chest radiographs of infants and children in an orderly and systematic manner.

Age-Related Outcomes of Sleep Apnea Surgery in Infants and Children

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janek S. Januszkiewicz ◽  
Steven R. Cohen ◽  
Fernando D. Burstein ◽  
Cathy Simms
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sleep Apnea Surgery ◽  
In Infants And Children

Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Is a Major Determinant Of a Lower Thrombin Generation In Infants and Children Compared To Adults

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2344-2344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Kremers ◽  
Saartje Bloemen ◽  
Raed Al Dieri ◽  
Coen H Hemker ◽  
Vasiliki Karlaftis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Decay Constant ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Thrombin Inhibition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In Infants And Children

Abstract Introduction Developmental Haemostasis, the concept describing maturation of the haemostatic system is based on established age specific differences in the quantity and function of haemostatic proteins. Interestingly, infants and children have a lower incidence of thromboembolic events than adults. Understanding the precise mechanism of thromboprotection in infants and children may therefore provide novel prevention and treatment strategies for adults. We hypothesized that a significant component of the thromboprotective mechanism is contributed to by the age-specific differences in thrombin generation. Aim This study was designed to investigate differences in thrombin generation in different age groups from infants to adults, to obtain more insight into age related differences in thromboembolic rates. Materials and Methods Plasma samples from 86 infants, children and adults were tested individually and the results were grouped according to age: 1 month to 1 year (N=13), 1-5 years (N=20), 6-10 years (N=19), 11-16 years (N=16) and adults (N=18). Thrombin generation (TG) was measured using Calibrated Automated Thrombinography (CAT) triggered with tissue factor (TF) at 5pM and 1pM final concentration. Parameters measured from the TG curve included: lag time, maximal thrombin concentration (peak), time to peak, as well as the area under the curve (endogenous thrombin potential, ETP). The raw data from TG was also used to calculate the overall, as well as alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) dependent decay constants. A2M function was measured with a thrombin inhibition assay developed in house. Results Both ETP and peak thrombin in infants and children was consistently significantly lower than in adults at both 1pM and 5pM tissue factor concentrations. The difference in ETP ranged from 27% to 35% (p<0.0001), while the difference in peak thrombin generated ranged from 28% to 37% (p<0.005). The thrombin decay constant (total inhibition of thrombin) was 15% (p<0.01) higher in infants and children compared to adults. The A2M-specific decay constant was on average 93% (p<0.001) higher in the younger populations and represented 14% of the total thrombin inhibition, compared to 9% in adults. The functional A2M-levels were 54% (p<0.05) higher in infants and children compared to adults; and correlated significantly with age (r=0.564, p<0.001). Discussion and Conclusions This study confirms that TG in children (including adolescents) is lower than in adults and shows for the first time that this is predominantly caused by higher thrombin inhibition, largely due to an increase of A2M activity. Considering that the levels of A2M are increased by 50%, Antithrombin is decreased by approximately 37%, whilst the levels of Prothrombin, Fibrinogen and Heparin Cofactor II remain the same in infants and children compared to adults; therefore A2M is an important inhibitor of thrombin in early life and during childhood. Age-specific differences in thrombin generation as demonstrated by our study possibly play an important role in the thromboprotective mechanism functioning in infants and children. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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