scholarly journals Limited genetic diversity among genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from HIV-infected patients from Sydney, Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stark ◽  
S. van Hal ◽  
J. Barratt ◽  
J. Ellis ◽  
D. Marriott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Limited Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sydney Australia

Microsporidia are intracellular parasites, with over 1200 species belonging to 143 genera described to date. They are opportunistic pathogens in humans and can cause chronic diarrhoea in immunosuppressed patients. Both Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis cause intestinal disease, with Enterocytozoon bieneusi more commonly identified in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, intestinal microsporidial clinical isolates from patients in Sydney, Australia, were genotyped. All specimens were from HIV-infected men with low CD4+ T-cell counts (<100 cells mm−3). Genotyping of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA gene showed the presence of only one genotype, the anthroponotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype B strain. This study thus highlighted the limited genetic diversity among Australian Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates, and it is hypothesized that, due to the reduced incidence of microsporidia and the subsequent reduction in the human reservoir of the anthroponotic genotype B, locally acquired intestinal microsporidiosis will rarely be seen in HIV-infected persons undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy in the future in Australia.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniface Nwofoke Ukwah ◽  
Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu ◽  
Chinonyelum Thecla Ezeonu ◽  
Dawn Roellig ◽  
Lihua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a common disease of children and immune-compromised persons. This study evaluated the diversity and distribution of Cryptosporidium species in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and those not on HAART. Methodology: A total of 394 fecal specimens were collected from patients attending clinics in Nsukka and Ebonyi, Nigeria. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species were conducted by PCR-RFLP of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, whereas subtyping was done by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Results: Twenty-five (6.3%) specimens yielded four Cryptosporidium species, including C. hominis, C. parvum, C. felis, and C. viatorum. C. hominis was the most dominant species with 48.0% occurrence and three identified subtype families: Ia (six specimens), Ib (three specimens), Ie (two specimens), and one un-subtyped species. C. parvum had 44.0% occurrence and two subtype families: IIc (eight specimens) and IIe (three specimens), while C. felis and C. viatorum each had 4.0% occurrence. There were significant differences in Cryptosporidium species distribution between age groups in children and HIV-infected persons, between suburban and urban areas, and between low and high CD4+ cell counts in HIV-infected patients. There were no significant differences in infection rate and species distribution between HIV-infected patients on HAART and those not on HAART. Conclusions: The results from this study show that there is a high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria, and that all the C. parvum subtypes identified are most likely anthroponotic in origin.

scholarly journals Impact of Weight on Immune Cell Counts among HIV-Infected Persons

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone ◽  
Mollie Roediger ◽  
Lynn E. Eberly ◽  
Anuradha Ganesan ◽  
Amy Weintrob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Cd4 Percentage

ABSTRACTPrior studies have shown that weight may impact immune cell counts. However, few data exist about the relationship of weight and immune cell counts among HIV-infected patients. We examined documented HIV seroconverters (mean window, 15.7 months) in a prospective U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (1 January 1986 to 20 January 2010). We estimated the association of the time-updated body mass index (BMI) category with changes in immune cell counts from HIV diagnosis across time (mean follow-up of 5.1 years) using multiply adjusted longitudinal linear mixed-effects models. Of 1,097 HIV seroconverters, 448 (41%) were overweight and 93 (8%) were obese at HIV diagnosis. Immune cell counts at HIV diagnosis did not significantly differ by BMI category. In the longitudinal models for those diagnosed before the advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, mean postdiagnosis decreases in the white cell count, total lymphocyte count, CD4 count, CD4 percentage, and CD4/CD8 ratio were less as the BMI category increased (all withPvalues of <0.05). Among HIV seroconverters diagnosed in the HAART era, obese compared to normal-weight patients had significantly smaller increases in CD4 counts, CD4 percentages, and the CD4/CD8 ratio (all withPvalues of <0.05). Similar findings were also noted among underweight versus normal-weight patients. In conclusion, although BMI was not associated with immune cell levels at the time of HIV diagnosis, weight appears to affect immune cells counts over the course of infection. In the HAART era, being either underweight or obese was associated with smaller increases in several important immune cell levels, including the CD4/CD8 ratio.

scholarly journals Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Children: Analysis of Cellular Immune Responses

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Blazevic ◽  
Shirley Jankelevich ◽  
Seth M. Steinberg ◽  
Freda Jacobsen ◽  
Robert Yarchoan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT The present study analyzes the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on restoration of cellular immunity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children over a 24-week period following initiation of HAART with ritonavir, nevirapine, and stavudine. The immunological parameters evaluated at four time points (at enrollment and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks of therapy) included cytokine production by monocytes as well as T-cell proliferation in response to mitogen, alloantigen, and recall antigens including HIV type 1 envelope peptides. Circulating levels of interleukin-16 (IL-16) were measured, in addition to CD4+ T-cell counts, plasma HIV RNA levels, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. At enrollment the children exhibited defects in several immune parameters measured. Therapy increased CD4+ T-cell counts and decreased viral loads significantly. By contrast, the only immunological parameter that was significantly increased was IL-12 p70 production by monocytes; the DTH response to Candida albicans also showed a strong increase in patients becoming positive. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that HAART in HIV-infected children affects the dynamics of HIV replication and the CD4+ T-cell count over 24 weeks, similar to the pattern seen in HIV-infected adults. Furthermore, these data indicate improvement in antigen-presenting cell immunological function in HIV-infected children induced by HAART.

scholarly journals Persistence of Genital Tract T Cell Responses in HIV-Infected Women on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (20) ◽  
pp. 10765-10772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize ◽  
Pamela P. Gumbi ◽  
Lenine J. Liebenberg ◽  
Yuan Ren ◽  
Peter Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts

ABSTRACT Initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV-infected individuals is associated with control of viremia, improved CD4 counts, and declining systemic HIV-specific immune responses. While HAART effectively reduces plasma viremia, it remains unclear how effectively antiretroviral drugs reach mucosal surfaces, such as those of the genital tract. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HAART on genital tract CD4 T cell reconstitution, HIV shedding, and HIV-specific T cell responses. Cervical cytobrush and blood specimens were obtained from 35 HIV-infected, HAART-naïve women and 27 women on HAART in order to investigate HIV Gag-specific T cell responses by intracellular gamma interferon (IFN-γ) staining. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). We show that for HIV-infected women, HAART is associated with significantly improved CD4 T cell counts both in blood and at the cervix. While HAART effectively suppressed both blood and cervical viremia, HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses in blood were lost, while those at the cervix were preserved.

Predicting Direct Costs of HIV Care During the First Year of Darunavir-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Using CD4 Cell Counts

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Hill ◽  
Kelly Gebo ◽  
Lindsay Hemmett ◽  
Mickael Löthgren ◽  
Gabriele Allegri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
First Year ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 849-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shellee A Grim ◽  
Frank Romanelli
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Hiv 1

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, virology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, resistance profile, and clinical use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was performed (1966–August 2002) using the following terms: tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, PMPA (9-( R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine), and Viread. Abstracts from HIV-related meetings were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION AND STUDY SELECTION: Publications and meeting abstracts regarding tenofovir were reviewed. The most recent and pertinent items were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a nucleotide prodrug that is diphosphorylated to its active moiety, tenofovir diphosphate. In this form, tenofovir acts as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor to inhibit HIV-1 replication. In clinical trials, tenofovir was effective at suppressing HIV-1 RNA and boosting CD4+ cell counts. Tenofovir has a long intracellular half-life, which permits once-daily dosing. Since tenofovir does not interact with the cytochrome P450 pathway, it exhibits minimal drug interactions, with the exception of didanosine. Compared with other reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir may have advantages in terms of toxicity and medication adherence profiles. Ongoing studies are also analyzing tenofovir's activity against hepatitis B virus. CONCLUSIONS: Tenofovir has been shown to be active against HIV-1 in combination with other antiretrovirals. The drug's benefit as a single-agent intensifier of highly active antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced patients has been established, and preliminary data for treatment-naïve patients are encouraging.

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