Cellular Pharmacology of Curcumin With and Without Piperine

Prior reports have suggested that piperine enhances curcumin anti-carcinogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that piperine increases the intracellular concentrations of curcumin by improving intracellular uptake or reducing curcumin efflux or metabolism in breast cells. We incubated SUM149, MCF10A, primary normal human breast cells, ALDH+, and ALDH-CD44+24- SUM149 cells with curcumin with or without piperine at concentrations 1 uM to 15 uM for time periods of 15 minutes to 24 hours. We assayed cell viability by MTT assay and proliferation by primary mammosphere assay. Curcumin and its metabolites were assayed using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Curcumin, but not piperine, showed significantly higher effects on the viability of breast cancer SUM149 cells than in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells. Curcumin + piperine synergistically reduced viability of SUM149 cells but had a concentration dependent effect upon MCF10A cell viability. Cellular uptake of curcumin in SUM149 is significantly higher, while the efflux in SUM149 is significantly lower than in MCF10A, which correlated with cell viability. Piperine did not alter curcumin cellular uptake, efflux, or metabolism in any of the cell models. The observed synergism of piperine+curcumin in reducing breast stem cell self renewal is likely due to independent anti-carcinogenesis effects rather than any effects upon intracellular curcumin concentrations.