scholarly journals Connecting neuromodulation, brain development, and life history timing associated with ecological speciation in Rhagoletis pomonella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hinal B Kharva ◽  
Jeffery L Feder ◽  
Daniel Hahn ◽  
Shannon B Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Host Race ◽  
Insect Biodiversity

Host shifts are considered a key generator of insect biodiversity, yet how insects synchronize life history timing and preference for new hosts is not well understood. Neurochemicals such as biogenic amines play key roles in both development and behavior, and therefore provide a potential source for such synchronization. Here, we correlated life history timing, brain development, and corresponding levels of 14 neurochemicals in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a species undergoing ecological speciation through an ongoing host shift from hawthorn to apple fruit. We found that adult brain differentiation in both host races was initiated only after pupal diapause ended, and at this stage the titers of precursors for several neurotransmitter pathways also increased significantly. Conversely, neurotransmitter product titres generally increased at later stages up to adult fly sexual maturation. Further analysis showed that the apple host race exhibited adult brain differentiation three weeks earlier than the hawthorn host race, which correlated with significantly lower titers of several neurochemicals, particularly biogenic amines, in the earlier developing apple race as compared to the hawthorn race. We thus propose that these neurotransmitter levels could influence the differences in life history timing and host preference observed in these two races, promoting their ongoing speciation.

OPIINE PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA AND R. ZEPHYRIA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. AliNiazee
Keyword(s):  
Host Shift ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Rhagoletis Zephyria

AbstractTwo species of opiine (Braconidae) parasitoids, Opius lectoides Gahan and O. downesi Gahan parasitized Rhagoletis zephyria Snow and R. pomonella (Walsh) in the Willamette Valley, OR. Almost equal numbers of O. lectoides and O. downesi were recorded from R. zephyria, whereas about 91% of the opiines associated with R. pomonella were O. downesi. In general, percent parasitization of R. pomonella was variable from sample to sample, but substantially higher on hawthorn than on apple fruit. It appears that both the opiine species have made a rapid host shift from R. zephyria to newly introduced populations of R. pomonella.

Caste‐specific gene expression underlying the differential adult brain development in the honeybee Apis mellifera

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
D. E. Paula Junior ◽  
M. T. Oliveira ◽  
J. J. Bruscadin ◽  
D. G. Pinheiro ◽  
A. D. Bomtorin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Gene Expression

scholarly journals Secondary Zinc Deficiency via Exposure to the Environmental Toxicant Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate Affects Neurogenesis at Embryonic Day 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1220-1220
Author(s):  
Xiuzhen Liu ◽  
Patricia Oteiza
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Gestational Exposure ◽  
Marginal Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Abstract Objectives Zinc deficiency can affect early brain development. We previously found that developmental marginal zinc deficiency affected neurogenesis leading to a lower number of neurons and altered neural specification in the adult rat brain. Zinc deficiency can occur as low dietary zinc intake and secondary to diseases, infections, and exposure to environmental toxicants such as phthalates. This work investigated if gestational exposure to toxicant Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) could decrease zinc availability to the fetus and altered neurogenesis. Methods Rats were fed an adequate (25 µg zinc/g diet) (C) or a marginal zinc deficient (MZD) (10 µg zinc/g diet), without or with DEHP (300 mg/kg BW) (C + DEHP, MZD + DEHP) from gestational day zero until embryonic day 19 (E19). Zinc concentration was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Neurogenesis was evaluated in the offspring at E19 measuring parameters of neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation and differentiation by Western blot and/or immunofluorescence. Results Fetal brain zinc concentration was significantly decreased in MZD, C + DEHP and MZD + DEHP than in C. Protein Markers of neurogenesis (NeuN, PAX6, SOX2, TBR2) were lower in MZD and C + DEHP than C, and lowest in MZD + DEHP. The excitatory neuron marker vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) was lower in C + DEHP, MZD and MZD + DEHP than in C, while the marker of inhibitory neurons glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) level were similar among groups. The ERK1/2 pathway, crucial to neurogenesis, was affected by MZD and DEHP. ERK1/2 activation was lower, and at a similar extent in C + DEHP and MZD groups than in C, while it was markedly lower in the MZD + DEHP group compared to all other groups. Lower ERK1/2 activation could be due to activation of the ERK1/2 phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We found that PP2A activation was higher, in MZD and DEHP than in C, being highest in the MZD + DEHP group. Conclusions Gestational exposure to DEHP in rats causes a secondary zinc deficiency in the fetal brain and altered neurogenesis. This can be due to the inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. DEHP exposure can adversely affect the offspring's brain development and result in irreversible consequences to adult brain structure and function. Funding Sources Supported by grants from NIFA CA-D-XXX-7244-H, Packer-Wentz foundation, NIEHS T 32 training grant (T32 ES 0,07059).

scholarly journals Increased RNA editing in maternal immune activation model of neurodevelopmental disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Tsivion-Visbord ◽  
Eli Kopel ◽  
Ariel Feiglin ◽  
Tamar Sofer ◽  
Ran Barzilay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disease ◽  
Maternal Immune Activation ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Mouse Fetuses

Abstract The etiology of major neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism is unclear, with evidence supporting a combination of genetic factors and environmental insults, including viral infection during pregnancy. Here we utilized a mouse model of maternal immune activation (MIA) with the viral mimic PolyI:C infection during early gestation. We investigated the transcriptional changes in the brains of mouse fetuses following MIA during the prenatal period, and evaluated the behavioral and biochemical changes in the adult brain. The results reveal an increase in RNA editing levels and dysregulation in brain development-related gene pathways in the fetal brains of MIA mice. These MIA-induced brain editing changes are not observed in adulthood, although MIA-induced behavioral deficits are observed. Taken together, our findings suggest that MIA induces transient dysregulation of RNA editing at a critical time in brain development.

scholarly journals Standing geographic variation in eclosion time and the genomics of host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith M. Doellman ◽  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Gregory J. Ragland ◽  
Peter J. Meyers ◽  
Glen R. Hood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Host Race ◽  
Host Race Formation ◽  
Race Formation
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