scholarly journals Predictability changes what we remember in familiar temporal contexts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojeong Kim ◽  
Margaret L. Schlichting ◽  
Alison R. Preston ◽  
Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Pattern Classification ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe human brain constantly anticipates the future based on memories of the past. Encountering a familiar situation reactivates memory of previous encounters which can trigger a prediction of what comes next to facilitate responsiveness. However, a prediction error can lead to pruning of the offending memory, a process that weakens its representation in the brain and leads to forgetting. Our goal in this study was to evaluate whether memories are spared from pruning in situations that allow for more abstract yet reliable predictions. We hypothesized that when the category, but not the identity, of a new stimulus can be anticipated, this will reduce pruning of existing memories and also reduce encoding of the specifics of new memories. Participants viewed a sequence of objects, some of which reappeared multiple times (“cues”), followed always by novel items. Half of the cues were followed by new items from different (unpredictable) categories, while others were followed by new items from a single (predictable) category. Pattern classification of fMRI data was used to identify category-specific predictions after each cue. Pruning was observed only in unpredictable contexts, while encoding of new items suffered more in predictable contexts. These findings demonstrate that how episodic memories are updated is influenced by the reliability of abstract-level predictions in familiar contexts.

scholarly journals Predictability Changes What We Remember in Familiar Temporal Contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojeong Kim ◽  
Margaret L. Schlichting ◽  
Alison R. Preston ◽  
Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
The Brain

The human brain constantly anticipates the future based on memories of the past. Encountering a familiar situation reactivates memory of previous encounters, which can trigger a prediction of what comes next to facilitate responsiveness. However, a prediction error can lead to pruning of the offending memory, a process that weakens its representation in the brain and leads to forgetting. Our goal in this study was to evaluate whether memories are spared from such pruning in situations that allow for accurate predictions at the categorical level, despite prediction errors at the item level. Participants viewed a sequence of objects, some of which reappeared multiple times (“cues”), followed always by novel items. Half of the cues were followed by new items from different (unpredictable) categories, while others were followed by new items from a single (predictable) category. Pattern classification of fMRI data was used to identify category-specific predictions after each cue. Pruning was observed only in unpredictable contexts, while encoding of new items was less robust in predictable contexts. These findings demonstrate that how associative memories are updated is influenced by the reliability of abstract-level predictions in familiar contexts.

On the Limits of Time in the Brain

KronoScope ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-239
Author(s):  
Rémy Lestienne
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Inner Sense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Future ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Nested Hierarchy ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract J.T. Fraser used to emphasize the uniqueness of the human brain in its capacity for apprehending the various dimensions of “nootemporality” (Fraser 1982 and 1987). Indeed, our brain allows us to sense the flow of time, to measure delays, to remember past events or to predict future outcomes. In these achievements, the human brain reveals itself far superior to its animal counterpart. Women and men are the only beings, I believe, who are able to think about what they will do the next day. This is because such a thought implies three intellectual abilities that are proper to mankind: the capacity to take their own thoughts as objects of their thinking, the ability of mental time travels—to the past thanks to their episodic memory or to the future—and the possibility to project very far into the future, as a consequence of their enlarged and complexified forebrain. But there are severe limits to our timing abilities of which we are often unaware. Our sensibility to the passing time, like other of our intellectual abilities, is often competing with other brain functions, because they use at least in part the same neural networks. This is particularly the case regarding attention. The deeper the level of attention required, the looser is our perception of the flow of time. When we pay attention to something, when we fix our attention, then our inner sense of the flux of time freezes. This limitation should not sound too unfamiliar to the reader of J.T. Fraser who wrote in his book Time, Conflict, and Human Values (1999) about “time as a nested hierarchy of unresolvable conflicts.”

scholarly journals Aquatic biomonitoring: Lessons from the past, challenges for the future

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossano Bolpagni ◽  
Mariano Bresciani ◽  
Stefano Fenoglio
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Passionate Debate ◽  
Main Message ◽  
Special Symposium

This special issue stems from an increasing awareness on the key contribution made by biometrics and biological indices in the quality classification of aquatic ecosystems. This theme has been the subject of passionate debate during the 13th European Ecological Federation (EEF) and 25th Italian Society of Ecology’s (S.It.E.) joined congresses held in Rome in September 2015. In this frame, on the margins of the special symposium named “Biomonitoring: Lessons from the past, challenges for the future”, it was launched the idea of a special issue of the Journal of Limnology on the “aquatic” contributions presented at the conference. The present volume mainly reports these studies, enriched by few invited papers. Among the other things, the main message is the need of a better integration between sector knowledges and legislative instruments. This is even truer given the on-going climate change, and the necessity to record rapid changes in ecosystems and to elaborate effective/adaptive responses to them. 

Is the Human Brain Unique?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Brain

Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brain, and in the level of expression of genes in the brain. There is evidence that all three are the case, giving us a place to look for the intersection of the human mind and brain: the expression of genes within neurons of the prefrontal cortex.

Methods of Predicting the Brain Activity Based on Noun

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 2516-2520
Author(s):  
Jian Hua Jiang ◽  
Xu Yu ◽  
Zhi Xing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
The Brain

Over the last decade, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a primary tool to predict the brain activity.During the past research, researchers transfer the focus from the picture to the word.The results of these researches are relatively successful. In this paper, several typical methods which are machine learning methods are introduced. And most of the methods are by using fMRI data associated with words features. The semantic features (properties or factors) support words neural representation, and have a certain commonality in the people.The purpose of the application of these methods is used for prediction or classification.

scholarly journals Is Artificial Intelligence Transforming Dentistry Today?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saman Tauqir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Dental Education ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
The Future

Since the birth of science, the most fascinating structure of the human body is the human brain.  Over the past centuries’ researchers have been developing the latest technologies to imitate and explore how the human brain functions. However, to develop a machine that thinks like a human brain is still a dream for researchers. Aristotle’s early efforts to devise logical thinking via his syllogisms (a three-part deductive reasoning) were a source of inspiration for modern computers and technologies1. In the1950, Alan Turing designed a machine to decode encrypted messages, which was a breakthrough of super computers in the days of yore. He designed the “Turing Test” which was coined to assess whether a computer could exhibit intelligence better known as “artificial intelligence” (AI) today2. AI is “a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the creation of artifacts that exhibit such behaviour”3. Since 1980, AI has come a long way, virtual reality is being used in dental education these days to create real life situations and promote clinical work on simulators to eliminate risk factors associated with training on live patients. Recently artificial intelligence has been integrated with tutoring systems like “Unified Medical Language System” (UMLS), which have resulted in a better quality of feedback, which the preclinical virtual patients provide to the students4,5. This interactive phase helps students to evaluate their clinical skills and compare their skills with the standard ones, thus creating an ideal and high-quality training environment. Studies have been carried out regarding the efficacy of AI systems, which have stipulated that preclinical students build higher competencies than with the use of traditional simulator units6-8. Currently AI inbuilt virtual dental assistants are present in the market. They can execute various chair side tasks with greater accuracy and less manpower ensuring minimum error during the procedures. In the world of implantology and maxillofacial surgery AI helps plan and prepare surgeries with smallest details forgoing actual surgery. Some exceptional uses of AI include robotic surgeries in the field of maxillofacial surgery and bioprinting (where tissues and organs can be reconstructed in thin layers)9. The field of AI has flourished to great extent in the past decade; AI systems are an aid to the field of dentistry and dental education.  This narrative attempts to explain possible AI-based applications in the future, it can be used for dental diagnosis, planning out treatments, conducting image analysis, and record keeping. AI-based technologies streamline and reduce laborious workforce to routine tasks, it ensures dental procedures are possible at a lower cost and ultimately makes predictive, preventive, and participatory dentistry possible. The use of AI in dental procedures needs to be guaranteed; its application with human oversight and evidence-based dentistry shall be expected. Dental education needs to be introduced to clinical AI solutions by promoting digital literacy in the future dental liveware.

The Future of Legal Families

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Husa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Law ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Basic Notion ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Future Utility

The aim of this article is to give an account of legal families as a comparative law approach and as a classification of legal systems. The text discusses especially the future of legal families. The article begins with a short review of macro-comparative law’s basic approaches and concepts. It then considers the past and present of the basic notions of macro-comparative law, focusing on the classification of legal families and the recent critique of them. Finally, this article examines the new roles of legal families and, in particular, it addresses the possible future utility of legal family as a basic notion and as an approach in macro-comparative law.

scholarly journals DESET LET IZHAJANJA BILTENA SLOVENSKE VOJSKE – NOVIM IZZIVOM NAPROTI

2013 ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
ALOJZ ŠTEINER
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Policy ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation

Desetletno obdobje izhajanja Biltena Slovenske vojske (Bilten SV) je priložnost za analizo prehojene poti, pa tudi za pogled v prihodnost. V članku so predstavljeni kvantitativni kazalci uspešnosti izhajanja publikacije: pregled izdanih številk, število prispevkov, število natisnjenih strani in obravnavanih vprašanj z različnih področij delovanja Slovenske vojske in širšega obrambnega sistema ter število avtorjev. Več kot 150 avtorjev je skupaj oblikovalo skoraj 200 predvsem strokovnih člankov. Na začetku leta 2008 je bil oblikovan novi uredniški odbor, že sedmi po vrsti, ki si je zastavil nekaj smelih ciljev, ki jih predstavljamo v nadaljevanju. Seveda pa so glavni izzivi povezani s ciljem uredniške politike, da se v razvrstitvi strokovnih publikacij Bilten SV uvrsti v višji razred, da se povečata strokovnost in število znanstvenih prispevkov, da tako postane ogledalo strokovnosti in profesionalnosti naše vojske. Temu izzivu sledijo predstavljena vizija in strategija uredniškega odbora ter predvsem povabilo k širjenju kroga ustvarjalcev in mreže prejemnikov oziroma bralcev. The tenth anniversary of the Slovenian Armed Forces' Bulletin (in the further text: SAF Bulletin) provides an opportunity to make an in­depth analysis of the past and a view to the future. The article presents analytical indicators of the past period and achievements in terms of the number of issues, printed pages and topics covering various areas of Slovenian Armed Forces' operations and beyond. More than 150 authors have participated in the creation of almost 200 predominantly subject­matter related articles. The beginning of the year 2008 saw the establishment of the new editorial board, the seventh in the row that set some ambitious goals also described in this article. The main challenges are linked with the desire and goal of the SAF Bulletin editorial policy to improve its ranking in the classification of professional publications, to upgrade the level of professionalism and to increase the number of scientific articles, thereby reflecting the level of expertise and professionalism of the Slovenian Armed Forces. This challenge is the basis for the presented vision and strategy of the editorial board and, most of all, an invitation to expand the network of authors, subscribers and readers.

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