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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Susanna Hoppler ◽  
Robin Segerer ◽  
Jana Nikitin

Social interactions are essential aspects of social relationships. Despite their centrality, there is a lack of a standardized approach to systematize social interactions. The present research developed (Study 1) and tested (Study 2) a taxonomy of social interactions. In Study 1 (5,676 descriptions of social interactions from N = 708 participants, age range 18–83 years), we combined a bottom-up approach based on the grounded theory with a top-down approach integrating existing empirical and theoretical literature to develop the taxonomy. The resulting taxonomy (APRACE) comprises the components Actor, Partner, Relation, Activities, Context, and Evaluation, each specified by features on three levels of abstraction. A social situation can be described by a combination of the components and their features on the respective abstraction level. Study 2 tested the APRACE using another dataset (N = 303, age range 18–88 years) with 1,899 descriptions of social interactions. The index scores of the six components, the frequencies of the features on the most abstract level, and their correlations were largely consistent across both studies, which supports the generalizability of the APRACE. The APRACE offers a generalizable tool for the comprehensive, parsimonious, and systematic description of social interactions and, thus, enables networked research on social interactions and application in a number of practical fields.


2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Daugs

Abstract English modal enclitics (’d and ’ll) are typically conceived of as colloquial pronunciation variants that are semantically identical to their respective full forms (would and will). Although this conception has already been challenged by Nesselhauf, Nadja. 2014. From contraction to construction? The recent life of ’ll. In Marianne Hundt (ed.), Late modern English syntax, 77–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Daugs, Robert. 2021. Contractions, constructions and constructional change: Investigating the constructionhood of English modal contractions from a diachronic perspective. In Martin Hilpert, Bert Cappelle & Ilse Depraetere (eds.), Modality and diachronic construction grammar, 12–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, who argue for the constructional status of both enclitics, the present study proposes a refinement according to which the differences between enclitics and full forms can be pinpointed to specific co-occurrence patterns. Rather than rashly postulating a general ’d-construction or an ’ll-construction, the data indicate that lower-level instances, like I’d V, we’ll V, or it would V, are very much capable of capturing the meaning differences between enclitics and full forms without recourse to higher, more abstract level. This is achieved by assessing the changes in the associative links these patterns entertain in a data-driven, bottom-up fashion. By utilizing the COHA and a variety of quantitative methods, it can be shown that, although enclitic patterns become more frequent and more varied, they remain overall still more restricted than the full forms, which promotes the emergence of ‘new’ symbolic associations. The results are integrated into current research in Diachronic Construction Grammar (Hilpert, Martin. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Hilpert, Martin. 2021. Ten lectures in diachronic construction grammar. Leiden: Brill) and dynamic, network-oriented models of language (Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2020. The dynamics of the linguistic system: Usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. Oxford: Oxford University Press).


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-609
Author(s):  
Kunim Sriati ◽  
Sudi Prayitno ◽  
Nurul Hikmah ◽  
Laila Hayati

The aim of this study is to describe the types of errors and their causes made by the seven grade students of SMPN 7 PUJUT in the academic year 2020/2021 in solving algebraic form questions based on the SOLO taxonomy level. This research is a qualitative descriptive study and the instruments used are test questions and interview guides. The subjects of this study were 32 grade seven students of SMPN 7 PUJUT who were selected using purposive sampling technique. After selecting one class, several students were selected according to the SOLO taxonomy level. The results showed that all students made the types of errors according to the basic objects of mathematics, namely fact errors, concept errors, operating errors, and principle errors. The results also showed that the questions given to 32 class seven students of SMPN 7 PUJUT obtained a percentage of the structural level of 31.25%, the unistructural level of 37.5%, the multistructural level of 21.9%, the relational level of 9.38%, and the extended abstract level is 0%. The causes of students making mistakes in solving questions, namely: the cause of factual errors is that students do not understand the meaning of the questions which include what is known and asked and in determining the final result; the cause of misconceptions is that students do not understand the formula used; the cause of the operation error is that the students are not careful in calculating; and the cause of the principle error is that students do not understand the steps to solve it.


Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Christofer Meinecke ◽  
Ahmad Dawar Hakimi ◽  
Stefan Jänicke

Detecting references and similarities in music lyrics can be a difficult task. Crowdsourced knowledge platforms such as Genius. can help in this process through user-annotated information about the artist and the song but fail to include visualizations to help users find similarities and structures on a higher and more abstract level. We propose a prototype to compute similarities between rap artists based on word embedding of their lyrics crawled from Genius. Furthermore, the artists and their lyrics can be analyzed using an explorative visualization system applying multiple visualization methods to support domain-specific tasks.


2021 ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Nicola Strizzolo ◽  
Massimiliano Moschin

Our study aims to understand the mutability of virus-related discourses by tracing common points of reference. To do so, we chose three newspapers from as many European states and monitored each mid-month Wednesday during the first wave of Covid-19: January to October 2020. The newspapers investigated were those with the largest audience: Corriere della Sera (Italy), Das Bild (Germany), and The Sun (United Kingdom). To do so, we used categories such as context, frame, and theme. We sifted the corpus, comprising 1175 articles, with Atlas.ti. Based on the categories used and their frequency, we reconstructed contextualization, framing, and thematization – all at a more abstract level. On content revolving around the keywords Covid-19 and Coronavirus, the only differences that emerged were a greater interest in sports for The Sun and vacations for Das Bild. All the newspapers considered granting little space to the weakest areas of the population: disabled or young people, women, immigrants, and the unemployed.


Author(s):  
Tonghe Zhuang ◽  
Angelika Lingnau

AbstractObjects can be categorized at different levels of abstraction, ranging from the superordinate (e.g., fruit) and the basic (e.g., apple) to the subordinate level (e.g., golden delicious). The basic level is assumed to play a key role in categorization, e.g., in terms of the number of features used to describe these actions and the speed of processing. To which degree do these principles also apply to the categorization of observed actions? To address this question, we first selected a range of actions at the superordinate (e.g., locomotion), basic (e.g., to swim) and subordinate level (e.g., to swim breaststroke), using verbal material (Experiments 1–3). Experiments 4–6 aimed to determine the characteristics of these actions across the three taxonomic levels. Using a feature listing paradigm (Experiment 4), we determined the number of features that were provided by at least six out of twenty participants (common features), separately for the three different levels. In addition, we examined the number of shared (i.e., provided for more than one category) and distinct (i.e., provided for one category only) features. Participants produced the highest number of common features for actions at the basic level. Actions at the subordinate level shared more features with other actions at the same level than those at the superordinate level. Actions at the superordinate and basic level were described with more distinct features compared to those provided at the subordinate level. Using an auditory priming paradigm (Experiment 5), we observed that participants responded faster to action images preceded by a matching auditory cue corresponding to the basic and subordinate level, but not for superordinate level cues, suggesting that the basic level is the most abstract level at which verbal cues facilitate the processing of an upcoming action. Using a category verification task (Experiment 6), we found that participants were faster and more accurate to verify action categories (depicted as images) at the basic and subordinate level in comparison to the superordinate level. Together, in line with the object categorization literature, our results suggest that information about action categories is maximized at the basic level.


Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobby Vos

AbstractThe project of integrated HPS (‘integrated history and philosophy of science’) has occupied philosophers of science in one form or another since at least the 1960s. Yet, despite this substantial interest in bringing together philosophical and historical reflections on the nature of science, history of science and formal philosophy of science remain as divided as ever. In this paper, I will argue that the continuing separation between historical and formal philosophy of science is ill-founded. I will argue for this in both abstract and concrete terms. At the abstract level, I reconstruct two possible arguments for the incompatibility of historical and formal philosophy of science and argue that they are both wanting. At the concrete level, I discuss how historical and formal philosophy of science have been brought together in practice, namely: in the form of a largely forgotten research tradition that I will refer to here as the study of formalized macro-units. After a brief exposition, I argue that this research tradition has been unduly overlooked by historically minded philosophers of science. Bringing together these observations, I argue that the divide between historical and formal philosophy of science is not grounded in any substantive arguments, but can be primarily attributed to disciplinary happenstance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oinam Romesh Meitei ◽  
Bryan T. Gard ◽  
George S. Barron ◽  
David P. Pappas ◽  
Sophia E. Economou ◽  
...  

AbstractThe variational quantum eigensolver is currently the flagship algorithm for solving electronic structure problems on near-term quantum computers. The algorithm involves implementing a sequence of parameterized gates on quantum hardware to generate a target quantum state, and then measuring the molecular energy. Due to finite coherence times and gate errors, the number of gates that can be implemented remains limited. In this work, we propose an alternative algorithm where device-level pulse shapes are variationally optimized for the state preparation rather than using an abstract-level quantum circuit. In doing so, the coherence time required for the state preparation is drastically reduced. We numerically demonstrate this by directly optimizing pulse shapes which accurately model the dissociation of H2 and HeH+, and we compute the ground state energy for LiH with four transmons where we see reductions in state preparation times of roughly three orders of magnitude compared to gate-based strategies.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7016
Author(s):  
Muhammad Almas Khan ◽  
Muazzam A. Khan ◽  
Sana Ullah Jan ◽  
Jawad Ahmad ◽  
Sajjad Shaukat Jamal ◽  
...  

A large number of smart devices in Internet of Things (IoT) environments communicate via different messaging protocols. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a widely used publish–subscribe-based protocol for the communication of sensor or event data. The publish–subscribe strategy makes it more attractive for intruders and thus increases the number of possible attacks over MQTT. In this paper, we proposed a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for intrusion detection in the MQTT-based protocol and also compared its performance with other traditional machine learning (ML) algorithms, such as a Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), Decision Tree (DT), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs). The performance is proved using two different publicly available datasets, including (1) MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 and (2) a dataset with three different types of attacks, such as Man in the Middle (MitM), Intrusion in the network, and Denial of Services (DoS). The MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 contains three abstract-level features, including Uni-Flow, Bi-Flow, and Packet-Flow. The results for the first dataset and binary classification show that the DNN-based model achieved 99.92%, 99.75%, and 94.94% accuracies for Uni-flow, Bi-flow, and Packet-flow, respectively. However, in the case of multi-label classification, these accuracies reduced to 97.08%, 98.12%, and 90.79%, respectively. On the other hand, the proposed DNN model attains the highest accuracy of 97.13% against LSTM and GRUs for the second dataset.


Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
J. Pouliot ◽  
F. Hubert

Abstract. Level of detail (LoD) is a key concept for 3D city modeling to optimise visualisation. The LoDs of CityGML shows this trend. This paper explores the relevance of having LoD for visualising 3D model of Underground Utility Networks (UUN). A new approach is proposed for designing multiple LoDs modeling in creating an explicit link between the content of the 3D model and the decision-making process (or operational tasks) to be performed by a user. This Multiple Level of detail Approach (MLA) is divided into four steps. The first step requires defining the visualisation needs in terms of five variables (geometry, topology, semantic, contextual information, and semiology). Next, tasks to be performed are analyzed and categorized. Finally, a matrix of possible LoDs is created for all tasks and the minimum LoD required is proposed. In this paper, we applied this approach for the use case of granting connection permits to water and sewer networks. Learning aspects are proposed in the discussion.


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