Solving the ‘Two Times Problem’ With an Information Gathering and Utilizing System (IGUS)

There is a long standing ‘two times problem’ in that a satisfactory reconciliation between the time of physics and that of psychology has not been realized. A partial solution to the past/present/future phenomenon has been successfully given by the Hartle information gathering and processing system (IGUS) view. That model IGUS robot is enhanced here for the entire ‘two times problem’ to deal with not only the temporal experiences of the flow of time but also those of manifest time. A dualistic robot is proposed which has a veridical system of temporal experiences that are compatible with various spacetime cosmologies. It also has an illusory system of corresponding temporal experiences. This dualistic IGUS robot was made possible by discovering temporal experience within the brain that correspond to those of physics. The dualistic theory suggests that the veridical system, as a result of evolution, begets the illusory system to enhance behavioral adaptation. Thus, there is just one fundamental physical time which the brain does, indeed, possess and then enhances with illusory counterparts. Therefore, there should no longer be a need to reify illusory temporal experiences as modern spacetime cosmologies tend to do. Physical time already resides within human time.

Schrodinger’s Narratives: Denis Diderot’s and Laurence Sterne’s Manipulations of Time and Space

This article proposes connections between literature and science through the relatively recent scientific concept of chaos. I examine Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and Denis Diderot’s Jacques the Fatalist and His Master to show how these authors contradict the scientific thinkers of their time by creating narrative structures that disrupt the normal flow of time and bend the typically absolute space between reader and fictional story. Though the physical books of Jacques and Tristram Shandy have a final page, the two authors leave it to their readers to finish the stories for themselves. The narrators of both novels interact with their readers, creating a space that allows their audience to fill in the narrator’s and author's blanks. In doing this, these texts become simultaneously complete and incomplete. Thus, a narrative styled similarly to the thought experiment of Schrodinger's cat is created. In this sense these novels can be perceived as precursors to scientific thought of the twentieth and twenty-first century.

Classification of Music Instruments: An overview

Varieties of music instruments are available today to produce the audible sounds which are used to make a piece of music. The music instruments have been classified into various groups depending upon the size, materials, usages, structure, and others. But, today many new practices, experiments, devices, and new instruments have been emerged with the flow of time in musical field. For all the concerned with music, a neo-classification of instruments is ever raised a question. So, from the educational point of view, some of the new music instruments, which are played today, further should be re-classified for convenience. The present article is based on an overview upon the study about the music instruments by following the secondary data and analytical method. After interpretation and analysis, some music instruments, which are still unclassified are categorized under neo-classification.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ABSOLUTENESS OF TIME

In classical physics, time is considered absolute. It is believed that all processes, regardless of their complexity, do not affect the flow of time The theory of relativity determines that the flow of time for bodies depends both on the speed of movement of bodies and on the magnitude of the gravitational potential. It is believed that time in space orbit passes slower due to the high speed of the spacecraft, and faster due to the lower gravitational potential than on the surface of the Earth. Currently, the dependence of time on the magnitude of the gravitational potential and velocity (relativistic effect) is taken into account in global positioning systems. However, studying the relativistic effect, scientists have made a wrong interpretation of the difference between the clock frequency of an orbiting satellite and the clock frequency on the Earth's surface. All further studies to explain the relativistic effect were carried out according to a similar scenario, that is, only the difference in clock frequencies under conditions of different gravitational potentials was investigated. While conducting theoretical research, I found that the frequency of the signal changes along the way from the satellite to the receiver due to the influence of Earth's gravity. It was found that the readings of two high-precision clocks located at different heights will not differ after any period of time, that is, it is shown that the flow of time does not depend on the gravitational potential. It is proposed to conduct full-scale experiments, during which some high-precision clocks are sent aboard the space station, while others remain in the laboratory on the surface of the earth. It is expected that the readings of the satellite clock will be absolutely identical to the readings of the clock in the Earth laboratory.

Unification through Generalised Proper Time: The Elementary Construction of the Theory

Unification based upon the generalisation of proper time is proposed as a comprehensive framework to account for the fundamental structure of matter, in a manner contrasting with the more familiar approach based on extra dimensions of space. The elementary properties of matter to be incorporated include the Standard Model of particle physics together with a source for the dark sector and a coherent formalism for quantum gravity. We elaborate upon the manner in which all such material phenomena and empirical properties as distributed in an extended 4-dimensional spacetime can be encompassed within, and derived from, the continuous flow of time alone via a generalised arithmetic form for infinitesimal intervals of proper time. This approach will also be compared and contrasted with the basic structure of causal set theory as a means of demonstrating how it is possible to construct a full physical theory essentially from elements of time alone, as explicitly developed from the most elementary level. The conception of time as utilised and elucidated in this theory, with emphasis upon the causal continuum properties and as the basis for unification, will be clarified.

Poetry of Alim Khanfenov in the flow of time

Рассматриваются вопросы эволюции лирики в многогранном творчестве Алима Мазановича Ханфенова (1922-2014) и факты биографии поэта, которые формировали его творческую индивидуальность. Анализ лирики поэта подтверждает мысль о том, что благодаря творческой индивидуальности и таланту Алима Ханфенова лирика в черкесской поэзии приобрела новый художественный уровень. Именно в лирике велико значение субъективного начала, творческого «я» поэта, его интеллекта. А.Ханфенов обладал этими качествами, выработанными жизненным опытом, образованием (участник войны, окончил Литературный институт им.А.М.Горького), которые повлияли на его творчество. Особое внимание уделено вопросам мастерства поэта, анализу новых изобразительно-выразительных средств, использованных А.Ханфеновым в своей лирике. Отмечается богатство мотивов поэзии А.Ханфенова, четкость ритма, хорошая звуковая организация стиха, что позволило композиторам создать песни на стихи поэта, ставшие популярными. Некоторые детские стихи, юмористические рассказы входят в школьную программу, но и лирика востребована как в школе, так и в вузах, в которых изучается адыгская литература. Творчество А.Ханфенова рассмотрено в контексте черкесской литературы. This work explores the evolution of lyrics in the multifaceted work of Alim Mazanovich Khanfenov (1922-2014), and the facts of the poet's biography, which formed his creative personality. The analysis of the poet's lyrics confirms the idea that thanks to the creative individuality and talent of Alim Khanfenov, the lyrics in Circassian poetry have acquired a new artistic level. It is in the lyrics that the subjective principle, the creative "I" of the poet, and his intellect are of great importance. A. Khanfenov possessed these qualities, developed by life experience and education (participant in the war, graduated from the A.M.Gorky Literary Institute), which influenced his work. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the poet's mastery, the analysis of new pictorial and expressive means used by A.Khanfenov in his lyrics. The author underlines the richness of the motives of A.Khanfenov's poetry, the clarity of the rhythm, and the good sound organization of the verse, which allowed composers to create songs based on the poet's verses, that have become popular. Some children's poems, humorous stories are included in the school curriculum, but the lyrics are also in demand both at school and in universities where Adyg literature is studied. A.Khanfenov's work is considered in the context of Circassian literature.

God, Evil, Freedom. Reception and Interpretation of Dostoevsky in Luigi Pareyson and his Heirs

The essay aims to focus on reception and interpretation of Dostoevsky in the thought of Luigi Pareyson (1918-1991) and his heirs, who have developed a deep and original theoretical reading of Dostoevsky's work, able to bring out not only its ethical stance, but most of the essential aspects of his thought, and to investigate its current relevance. The reflection of Pareyson – who promoted the introduction of Dostoevsky's thought into the academic circles of Turin, being convinced that philosophy cannot avoid confronting the issues it explores – consists of three main moments: the experience of good and evil, the experience of freedom and the experience of God. Starting from consideration of Dostoevsky's characters as ideas, Pareyson proposes a new and coherent philosophical interpretation of his work, which can undoubtedly be compared to those of Ivanov, Berdjaev, Evdomikov, Šestov. His observations around the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor and the "refutation of Ivan" – which, according to him, constitute the most significant and theoretically prolific moments of Dostoevsky's production – seem unaffected by the flow of time and could still represent a valuable and indispensable contribution to the understanding not only of the great Russian author, but of human nature itself.

The Persistence of Slowed Time Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Two Longitudinal Studies in France

The home confinement imposed on people to fight the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the flow of time by disrupting daily life, making them feel that time was passing slowly. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the evolution over time of this subjective experience of time and its significant predictors (boredom, decreased happiness, life rhythm, and sleep quality). Twso samples of French participants were followed up: the first for several weeks during the first lockdown (April 2020) and then 1year later (April 2021; Study 1), and the second during the first lockdown (April 2020) and then 6months (November 2020) and 1year later (April 2021; Study 2). Our study shows that the French participants have the feeling that time has passed slowly since the beginning of the first lockdown and that it has not resumed its normal course. This is explained by a persistent feeling of boredom characteristic of a depressive state that has taken hold in the population. The findings therefore suggest that the repeated contexts of confinement did not contribute to re-establishing a normal perception of time, to which a subjective acceleration of time would have testified.