scholarly journals Taurine promotes axonal regeneration after a complete spinal cord injury in lampreys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sobrido-Cameán ◽  
Blanca Fernández-López ◽  
Natividad Pereiro ◽  
Anunciación Lafuente ◽  
María Celina Rodicio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Axonal Regrowth ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Taurine Treatment ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
The Brain

AbstractTaurine is one of the most abundant free amino acids in the brain. It is well known that taurine protects the brain from further damage after a traumatic event. However, only a few ex vivo studies have looked at the possible role of taurine in the regulation of axon regeneration after injury. Here, we aimed to reveal the possible role for taurine in the modulation of axonal regeneration following a complete spinal cord injury (SCI) using lampreys as an animal model. The brainstem of lampreys contains several individually identifiable descending neurons that differ greatly in their capacity for axonal regeneration after SCI. This offers a convenient model to promote or inhibit axonal regrowth in the same in vivo preparation. First, we carried out high performance liquid chromatography experiments to measure taurine levels in the spinal cord following SCI. Our results revealed a statistically significant increase in taurine levels 4 weeks post lesion, which suggested that taurine might have a positive effect on axonal regrowth. Based on these results, we decided to apply an acute taurine treatment at the site of injury to study its effect on axon regeneration. Results from these experiments show that an acute taurine treatment enhances axonal regeneration following SCI in lampreys. This offers a novel way to try to promote axon regeneration after nervous system injuries in mammalian models.

scholarly journals Required growth facilitators propel axon regeneration across complete spinal cord injury

Nature ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 561 (7723) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Anderson ◽  
Timothy M. O’Shea ◽  
Joshua E. Burda ◽  
Yan Ao ◽  
Sabry L. Barlatey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury

scholarly journals Taurine promotes axonal regeneration after a complete spinal cord injury in lampreys

IBRO Reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. S507-S508
Author(s):  
Antón Barreiro-Iglesias ◽  
Daniel Sobrido-Cameán ◽  
Blanca Fernández-López ◽  
Natividad Pereiro ◽  
Anunciación Lafuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury

scholarly journals Extrinsic and Intrinsic Regulation of Axon Regeneration by MicroRNAs after Spinal Cord Injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhao-Qian Teng ◽  
Chang-Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Spinal cord injury is a devastating disease which disrupts the connections between the brain and spinal cord, often resulting in the loss of sensory and motor function below the lesion site. Most injured neurons fail to regenerate in the central nervous system after injury. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the general failure of axonal regeneration after injury. MicroRNAs can modulate multiple genes’ expression and are tightly controlled during nerve development or the injury process. Evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs and their signaling pathways play important roles in mediating axon regeneration and glial scar formation after spinal cord injury. This article reviews the role and mechanism of differentially expressed microRNAs in regulating axon regeneration and glial scar formation after spinal cord injury, as well as their therapeutic potential for promoting axonal regeneration and repair of the injured spinal cord.

scholarly journals Serotonin inhibits axonal regeneration of identifiable descending neurons after a complete spinal cord injury in lampreys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sobrido-Cameán ◽  
Diego Robledo ◽  
Laura Sánchez ◽  
María Celina Rodicio ◽  
Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Axonal Guidance ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury

SummaryClassical neurotransmitters are mainly known for their roles as neuromodulators, but they also play important roles in the control of developmental and regenerative processes. Here, we used the lamprey model of spinal cord injury to study the effect of serotonin in axon regeneration at the level of individually identifiable descending neurons. Pharmacological and genetic treatments after a complete spinal cord injury showed that endogenous serotonin inhibits axonal regeneration in identifiable descending neurons through the activation of serotonin 1A receptors and a subsequent decrease in cAMP levels. RNA sequencing revealed that changes in the expression of genes that control axonal guidance could be a key factor on the serotonin effects during regeneration. This study provides new targets of interest for research in non-regenerating mammalian models of traumatic CNS injuries and extends the known roles of serotonin signalling during neuronal regeneration.

scholarly journals Serotonin inhibits axonal regeneration of identifiable descending neurons after a complete spinal cord injury in lampreys

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. dmm037085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sobrido-Cameán ◽  
Diego Robledo ◽  
Laura Sánchez ◽  
María Celina Rodicio ◽  
Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury

scholarly journals Full Anatomical Recovery of the Dopaminergic System after a Complete Spinal Cord Injury in Lampreys

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Fernández-López ◽  
Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo ◽  
María Eugenia Cornide-Petronio ◽  
Sonia Gómez-Fernández ◽  
Antón Barreiro-Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Dopaminergic Cell ◽  
Dopaminergic Cells ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Complete Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
The Brain

Following a spinal injury, lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by the regeneration of descending axons from the brain and the production of new neurons in the spinal cord. Here, we aimed to analyse the changes in the dopaminergic system of the sea lamprey after a complete spinal transection by studying the changes in dopaminergic cell numbers and dopaminergic innervation in the spinal cord. Changes in the expression of the D2 receptor were also studied. We report the full anatomical regeneration of the dopaminergic system after an initial decrease in the number of dopaminergic cells and fibres. Numbers of dopaminergic cells were recovered rostrally and caudally to the site of injury. Quantification of dopaminergic profiles revealed the full recovery of the dopaminergic innervation of the spinal cord rostral and caudal to the site of injury. Interestingly, no changes in the expression of the D2 receptor were observed at time points in which a reduced dopaminergic innervation of the spinal cord was observed. Our observations reveal that in lampreys a spinal cord injury is followed by the full anatomical recovery of the dopaminergic system.

scholarly journals The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 881-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Phuong Tran ◽  
Philippa Mary Warren ◽  
Jerry Silver
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Perineuronal Net ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Axonal Regrowth ◽  
Cord Injury

Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.

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