scholarly journals Neurobehavioral Correlates of How Time-on-task and Sleep Deprivation Modulate Deployment of Cognitive Effort

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn A.A. Massar ◽  
Julian Lim ◽  
Karen Sasmita ◽  
Bindiya L. Ragunath ◽  
Michael W.L. Chee
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Task Duration ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Motivated Attention ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
Deprivation Experiment

AbstractSustaining attention is highly demanding and can falter if there is a shift in willingness to exert effort. Motivated attentional performance and effort preference were tracked in relation to increasing time-on-task (Experiment 1) and sleep deprivation (Experiment 2). Performance decrement with time-on-task was attenuated with reward, while preference to deploy effort decreased with longer task duration. Sleep deprivation, accentuated performance decline with time-on-task, and was accompanied by greater effort-discounting. Motivated attention performance was associated with higher fronto-parietal activation, in both normal and sleep deprived conditions. However, after sleep deprivation modulation of activation by reward was reduced in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left anterior insula (aIns). Together, these results depict how motivational decline affects performance when one gets tired after sustained task performance and/or sleep deprivation.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological indices of anterior cingulate cortex function reveal changing levels of cognitive effort and reward valuation that sustain task performance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akina Umemoto ◽  
Michael Inzlicht ◽  
Clay B. Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta ◽  
High Control ◽  
Reward Valuation

AbstractSuccessful execution of goal-directed behaviors often requires the deployment of cognitive control, which is thought to require cognitive effort. Recent theories have proposed that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regulates control levels by weighing the reward-related benefits of control against its effort-related costs. However, given that the sensations of cognitive effort and reward valuation are available only to introspection, this hypothesis is difficult to investigate empirically. We have proposed that two electrophysiological indices of ACC function, frontal midline theta and the reward positivity (RewP), provide objective measures of these functions. To investigate this issue, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) from participants engaged in an extended, cognitively-demanding task. Participants performed a time estimation task for 2 hours in which they received reward and error feedback according to their task performance. We observed that the amplitude of the RewP, a feedback-locked component of the event related brain potential associated with reward processing, decreased with time-on-task. Conversely, frontal midline theta power, which consists of 4-8 Hz EEG oscillations associated with cognitive effort, increased with time-on-task. We also examined how these phenomena changed over time by conducting within-participant multi-level modeling analyses. Our results suggest that extended execution of a cognitively-demanding task is characterized by an early phase in which high control levels combine with strong reward valuation to foster rapid improvements in task performance, and a later phase in which high control levels counteract waning reward valuation to maintain stable task performance.

scholarly journals 0308 DRD2 C957T Genotype Influences Vigilant Attention Performance Impairment During Total Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A116-A116
Author(s):  
R A Muck ◽  
L Skeiky ◽  
M A Schmidt ◽  
B C Satterfield ◽  
J P Wisor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Dat1 Gene ◽  
Performance Impairment ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
Time Awake

Abstract Introduction There are substantial, phenotypical individual differences in the adverse impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on vigilant attention performance. Dopaminergic genotypes have been found to contribute to these phenotypical differences. Here we investigated the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene, C957T (rs6277), on vigilant attention performance measured with the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) in a laboratory TSD study. Methods N=46 healthy adults (ages 26.0±5.3y; 25 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with a baseline day (10h time in bed: 22:00-08:00), a 38h TSD period, and a recovery day (10h time in bed: 22:00-08:00). DNA isolated from whole blood was assayed for DRD2 C957T genotype using real-time polymerase chain reaction. PVT performance was measured during TSD at 2-4h intervals, and analyzed for genotype using mixed-effects analysis of covariance of lapses of attention (RTs>500ms). Results The genotype distribution in this sample - 28.3% C/C, 50.0% C/T, 21.7% T/T - was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (X21=0.0008, p=0.98). As expected, there was a significant effect of time awake on PVT performance (F14,602=26.67, p<0.001). There was a significant main effect of DRD2 genotype (F2,602=3.24, p=0.040) and a significant interaction of time awake by DRD2 genotype (F28,602=1.96, p=0.003). Subjects homozygous for the T allele showed greater impairment during extended wakefulness than carriers of the C allele. Genotype explained 7.6% of the variance in the PVT data observed during the 38h TSD period. Conclusion Subjects homozygous for the T allele of DRD2 C957T were considerably more vulnerable to TSD-induced PVT performance impairment than carriers of the C allele. A recent study showed that DRD2 C957T influences PVT performance in interaction with a SNP of the DAT1 gene. Here, DRD2 genotype was by itself also associated with PVT performance impairment during TSD. Support CDMRP awards W81XWH-16-1-0319 and W81XWH-18-1-0100.

scholarly journals Dispositional individual differences in cognitive effort investment: establishing the core construct

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Kührt ◽  
Sebastian Pannasch ◽  
Stefan J. Kiebel ◽  
Alexander Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Motivation ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Abstract Background Individuals tend to avoid effortful tasks, regardless of whether they are physical or mental in nature. Recent experimental evidence is suggestive of individual differences in the dispositional willingness to invest cognitive effort in goal-directed behavior. The traits need for cognition (NFC) and self-control are related to behavioral measures of cognitive effort discounting and demand avoidance, respectively. Given that these traits are only moderately related, the question arises whether they reflect a common core factor underlying cognitive effort investment. If so, the common core of both traits might be related to behavioral measures of effort discounting in a more systematic fashion. To address this question, we aimed at specifying a core construct of cognitive effort investment that reflects dispositional differences in the willingness and tendency to exert effortful control. Methods We conducted two studies (N = 613 and N = 244) with questionnaires related to cognitive motivation and effort investment including assessment of NFC, intellect, self-control and effortful control. We first calculated Pearson correlations followed by two mediation models regarding intellect and its separate aspects, seek and conquer, as mediators. Next, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis of a hierarchical model of cognitive effort investment as second-order latent variable. First-order latent variables were cognitive motivation reflecting NFC and intellect, and effortful self-control reflecting self-control and effortful control. Finally, we calculated Pearson correlations between factor scores of the latent variables and general self-efficacy as well as traits of the Five Factor Model of Personality for validation purposes. Results Our findings support the hypothesized correlations between the assessed traits, where the relationship of NFC and self-control is specifically mediated via goal-directedness. We established and replicated a hierarchical factor model of cognitive motivation and effortful self-control that explains the shared variance of the first-order factors by a second-order factor of cognitive effort investment. Conclusions Taken together, our results integrate disparate literatures on cognitive motivation and self-control and provide a basis for further experimental research on the role of dispositional individual differences in goal-directed behavior and cost–benefit-models.

scholarly journals Dynamics of cerebral responses to sustained attention performance during one night of sleep deprivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanqiang Zhu ◽  
Yibin Xi ◽  
Ningbo Fei ◽  
Yuchen Liu ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Attention Performance

scholarly journals Tracking intermediate performance of vigilant attention using multiple eye metrics

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Kazuo Mishima ◽  
Shingo Kitamura ◽  
Akiko Hida ◽  
Yuichi Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Vigilance deficits account for a substantial number of accidents and errors. Current techniques to detect vigilance impairment measure only the most severe level evident in eyelid closure and falling asleep, which is often too late to avoid an accident or error. The present study sought to identify ocular biometrics of intermediate impairment of vigilance and develop a new technique that could detect a range of deficits in vigilant attention (VA). Sixteen healthy adults performed well-validated Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) for tracking vigilance attention while undergoing simultaneous recording of eye metrics every 2 hours during 38 hours of continuous wakefulness. A novel marker was found that measured VA when the eyes were open—the prevalence of microsaccades. Notably, the prevalence of microsaccades decreased in response to sleep deprivation and time-on-task. In addition, a novel algorithm for detecting multilevel VA was developed, which estimated performance on the PVT by integrating the novel marker with other eye-related indices. The novel algorithm also tracked changes in intermediate level of VA (specific reaction times in the PVT, i.e. 300–500 ms) during prolonged time-on-task and sleep deprivation, which had not been tracked previously by conventional techniques. The implication of the findings is that this novel algorithm, named “eye-metrical estimation version of the PVT: PVT-E,” can be used to reduce human-error-related accidents caused by vigilance impairment even when its level is intermediate.

scholarly journals Corticoinsular circuits encode subjective value expectation and violation for effortful goal-directed behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. E5233-E5242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Arulpragasam ◽  
Jessica A. Cooper ◽  
Makiah R. Nuutinen ◽  
Michael T. Treadway
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Error Signal ◽  
Value Prediction ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Effort Discounting ◽  
Trial History ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

We are presented with choices each day about how to invest our effort to achieve our goals. Critically, these decisions must frequently be made under conditions of incomplete information, where either the effort required or possible reward to be gained is uncertain. Such choices therefore require the development of potential value estimates to guide effortful goal-directed behavior. To date, however, the neural mechanisms for this expectation process are unknown. Here, we used computational fMRI during an effort-based decision-making task where trial-wise information about effort costs and reward magnitudes was presented separately over time, thereby allowing us to model distinct effort/reward computations as choice-relevant information unfolded. We found that ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encoded expected subjective value. Further, activity in dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and anterior insula (aI) reflected both effort discounting as well as a subjective value prediction error signal derived from trial history. While prior studies have identified these regions as being involved in effort-based decision making, these data demonstrate their specific role in the formation and maintenance of subjective value estimates as relevant information becomes available.

scholarly journals 0081 Habitual Sleep Duration is Negatively Correlated with Emotional Reactivity within the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Individuals with PTSD

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A32-A33
Author(s):  
R King ◽  
D Jecmen ◽  
J Mitchell ◽  
K Ralston ◽  
J Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Reward Network

Abstract Introduction Sleep difficulties, such as insomnia, are highly prevalent in individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, sleep deprivation can also increase emotional reactivity to positive (as well as negative) stimuli. While the effects of sleep loss on emotional perception healthy individuals has been documented, it remains unclear how lack of sleep in individuals with PTSD may affect their emotional reactivity to positive stimuli. We hypothesized that lower habitual sleep duration would be associated with greater functional brain activation changes in response to subliminally presented happy faces in brain areas of the reward network, such as the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Methods Thirty-nine individuals with DSM-5 confirmed PTSD were administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as a measure of their average nightly sleep duration over the past month. Participants then underwent fMRI imagining while viewing subliminal presentations of faces displaying happiness, using a backward masked facial affect paradigm to minimize conscious awareness of the expressed emotion. Brain activation to masked happy expressions was regressed against sleep duration in SPM12. Results There was a negative correlation between habitual sleep duration and activation within the rACC in response to the masked happy faces (x=14,y=40,z=0; k=102, pFWE-corr= 0.008). Conclusion Individuals with PTSD who average less sleep at night showed greater emotional reactivity, as indexed by greater functional brain activation changes within an area of the reward network, than individuals who obtained more sleep per night. Future research involving actual sleep duration manipulation will be necessary to determine whether this finding reflects the well-known antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation or a form of greater emotional expression error monitoring among traumatized patients when lacking sleep. Regardless, these findings suggest that insufficient sleep could affect unconsciously perceived emotion in faces and potentially affect social and emotional responses among individuals with PTSD. Support US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command: W81XWH-14-1-0570

Abnormal function of the brain system supporting motivated attention in medicated patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER F. LIDDLE ◽  
KRISTIN R. LAURENS ◽  
KENT A. KIEHL ◽  
ELTON T. C. NGAN
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Orbital Frontal Cortex ◽  
Brain System ◽  
Cerebral Activity ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Motivated Attention ◽  
Subcortical Nuclei ◽  
The Brain

Background. Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to generate activity that is appropriate to current circumstances and goals.Method. We report a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cerebral activity during a three-tone auditory oddball target detection task in a sample of 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls.Results. The patients exhibited significantly less activation in response to target stimuli relative to baseline in an extensive set of sites in association neocortex, paralimbic cortex, limbic structures and subcortical nuclei, yet demonstrated a normal level of activation in the sensorimotor cortex. Comparison of activity elicited by rare target stimuli with that elicited by equally rare novel stimuli makes it possible to distinguish cerebral activity associated with attention to behaviourally salient stimuli from activity associated with attending to other attention-capturing stimuli. This comparison revealed that the patients with schizophrenia also exhibited a deficit in activation of basal forebrain areas that mediate motivation during the processing of behaviourally salient stimuli, including the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbital frontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex.Conclusion. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in function of the brain system concerned with mediating motivation, in addition to a more general deficit in the cerebral response to attention-captivating stimuli.

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