The relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Buallay ◽  
Allam Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of firm size on the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and intellectual capital (IC) efficiency. Design/methodology/approach The methodology was a pooled data for three years (2012-2014) for 171 listed firms, resulting in 489 observations. Findings The findings revealed that the inclusion of firm size as a moderating variable has influenced positively only the relationship between CG principles and capital employed efficiency (CEE). Further, the finding showed that the two IC components namely, human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency, tend to be higher with firms that high level of CG adoption. However, CEE tends to be higher with firms that have lower level of CG adoption. Other finding shows that CG index was significant with the three IC components. Originality/value Such information will help the stakeholders, investors, decision-makers, regulators, policymakers and scholars to improve their knowledge about IC. Furthermore, it will be useful for firms to place their priorities regarding the internal system and financial plans for effective and efficient use of CG and IC.

The nexus between corporate governance and intellectual capital in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Phu Tran ◽  
Loan Thi-Hong Van ◽  
Duc Hong Vo
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital in the context of Vietnam. In this paper, corporate governance is proxied by various characteristics, including board size, a number of independent members in the board, board remuneration, major shareholder holding more than 20 per cent of the outstanding shares and duality of the CEO. In addition, intellectual capital is measured using the modified value-added intellectual coefficient model (MVAIC). Design/methodology/approach The study uses data of 45 Vietnamese listed firms during 2011-2018. The MVAIC model is used incorporating four components, namely, human capital, structural capital, capital used and relational capital. In addition, GMM regression technique is used in this paper. Findings Empirical findings from this paper indicate that key characteristics of corporate governance, except for board remuneration, may provide a negative effect on the efficient use of intellectual capital. Research limitations/implications Intellectual capital emerges as a new field of research that has not been widely examined in emerging countries such as Vietnam. As such, there have not been many studies focusing on understanding intellectual capital and its role in the performance of enterprises. Further studies can evaluate the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate performance, capital structure, corporate value and social responsibility. This study is limited to listed companies in Vietnam because of data limitations in an emerging market. Studies in the future should extend the sample and/or compare differences between manufacturing enterprises and financial institutions, or between countries. Practical implications Findings from this paper provide a valuable framework for executives, managers and policymakers in managing corporate governance and intellectual capital within the Vietnamese context. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study that has been conducted to examine the relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital in the context of Vietnam.

Intellectual capital and corporate governance: an evaluation of Oman's financial sector companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1152
Author(s):  
Tamanna Dalwai ◽  
Syeeda Shafiya Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate governance of Oman's financial sector companies. Intellectual capital has been found to successfully contribute to the economic wealth creation of firms in germane literature. Unfortunately, financial statements do not necessarily capture and reflect the contributions of intellectual capital, thereby leading to an information asymmetry between companies and users of financial statements. The research also investigates the relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital efficiency across various financial subsectors.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from annual reports available on Muscat Securities Market for 31 listed financial sector companies for the period 2012 to 2016 and analyzed using a multiple regression model. Intellectual capital is measured using Pulic's efficiency measure of value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC). Corporate governance individual components such as board characteristics, audit committee characteristics and ownership structure are presented as independent variables.FindingsThe findings suggest that board size and frequency of audit committee meetings have a significant association with the intellectual capital efficiency of Oman's financial sector. VAIC and human capital efficiency of banks are also significantly influenced by most of the corporate governance mechanisms; however, other subsectors do not report such findings. Corporate governance of banks in comparison to other subsectors effectively engages in utilizing the potential of intellectual capital efficiency. Agency theory and resource dependency theory find limited support as a result of this study. The GMM results are not robust to the alternative instruments.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size is small as the study is limited to the listed financial sector of Oman. Future studies can be extended to include all of Oman's or GCC’s listed companies. Additionally, the intellectual capital is measured using the construct of VAIC which suffers some limitations and can be overcome using other tools such as content analysis.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study suggest that Oman's regulators can create an awareness strategy on highlighting the importance of intellectual capital for companies (board of directors and managers), investors, debtors and creditors. Further, Oman's Capital Market Authority and Muscat Securities Market need to strengthen the regulations related to intellectual capital.Originality/valueThis study extends intellectual capital and corporate governance literature by presenting the research outcome for Oman's financial sector. It is useful for Oman's financial sector companies to direct corporate governance measures for driving value creation of firms through the management of intellectual capital efficiency.

Audit committee characteristics: an empirical investigation of the contribution to intellectual capital efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Buallay
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Control

Purpose In a knowledge economy, it is generally agreed that audit committees play a significant role in supporting the overall firm’s knowledge, particularly enhancing the reporting process. In this respect, this paper aims to examine the effect of audit committee characteristics on intellectual capital efficiency. Design/methodology/approach This study examined 59 banks for five years (2011-2015), obtaining 295 observations. The study’s independent variable is audit committee characteristics. The dependent variable is intellectual capital components (Human: human capital efficiency [HCE]; Structural: structural capital efficiency [SCE]; Relational: relational capital efficiency [RCE]; and Physical/Financial: capital employed efficiency [CEE]). In addition, the study used four bank-specific control variables. Findings The findings deduced from the empirical results demonstrate that there is a significant positive impact of audit committee characteristics on intellectual capital. Moreover, the relationship between audit committee and intellectual capital components (HCE, SCE, RCE and CEE) also has a significant positive relationship if measured individually. Originality/value The study provides insights about the relationship between audit committee characteristics and the improvement in intellectual capital efficiency, which might be used by firms to re-arrange the roles within audit committee, to reassign internal priorities and to escalate position in their environment.

Intellectual capital efficiency and organisational performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Afroz Mostofa Chowdhury ◽  
Tarek Rana ◽  
Mohammad Istiaq Azim
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Asset Turnover ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to, the first of its kind, investigate the relationship between the intellectual capital efficiency and organisational performance of the pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh, an emerging economy that enjoys Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) relaxation. Design/methodology/approach The study used hand-picked data from annual reports for five years. The relationship between efficient use of intellectual capital and corporate performance was examined through the practical use of human capital, structural capital and capital employed. Multiple regressions were used to assess their impact on financial performance – specifically, return on assets, return on equity, asset turnover and market-to-book value. Findings Value-added intellectual coefficient components (i.e. human capital, structural capital and capital employed) significantly explained asset turnover and return on assets but failed to predict the return on equity outcome. Additionally, asset turnover was negatively influenced by structural capital and positively influenced by capital employed. The return on assets was mostly affected by variation in human capital. Intellectual capital did not predict market-to-book value or investment decisions. Practical implications This paper provides useful resources for evaluating the financial performance and value creation of companies in emerging economies that enjoy TRIPS exemptions; this research could also be extended using cross-industry comparisons. The findings have theoretical and practical implications, particularly for the pharmaceutical industry in emerging economy contexts, and for managers globally. Originality/value This study is among only a few that have reported on the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and value creation in emerging economy contexts.

The relationship between intellectual capital and employees' productivity: evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Buallay ◽  
Ala’a Adden Abuhommous ◽  
Gagan Kukreja
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and employees' productivity (EP) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region.Design/methodology/approachThe value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) is used to measure IC performance in 198 firms listed in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain from 2012 to 2014. The pooled-corrected estimation technique is used to estimate a panel regression model with EP as the dependent variable. Firm size and sectors are controlled for in the regression analysis. The independent variable (IC) has been measured using human capital efficiency (HCE), structural capital efficiency and capital employed efficiency (CEE) in order to measure the value of IC.FindingsBased on the VAIC, the authors found that the values of IC investments are mostly generated from investments in human capital. The results of the panel-corrected ordinary least square indicate that VAIC and its individual components are positive and significantly related to variations in employees' productivity. HCE contributed the highest and CEE contributed lowest VAIC.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is to show the importance of investment in the human capital as a key contributor of firm's performance. Hence, this study encourages firm's leaders and management in the GCC to invest and focus their management/leadership styles on human capital to achieve their goals. To the best of the knowledge of the coauthors, this is the first study which empirically examines the relationship between IC and EP in the GCC region.

Intellectual capital and firm performance: an extended VAIC model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Elvan Bayraktaroglu ◽  
Fethi Calisir ◽  
Murat Baskak
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Innovation Capital

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an extended and modified value-added (VA) intellectual coefficient (VAIC) model, which includes intellectual capital (IC) components which were missing in the original VAIC approach. The proposed model has been used to explore the relationship between IC and firm performance for Turkish manufacturing firms on a more detailed level. Design/methodology/approach Multiple regression analysis has been employed to identify the IC components, which predict the performance of the firm and the moderating effect of some IC components on IC components–firm performance relationship. Data are required to calculate the IC components, and firm performance variables have been obtained from the financial reports of the Turkish manufacturing firms for the period 2003–2013. Findings According to the results for Turkish manufacturing sector innovation capital efficiency has a moderating effect on the relationship between structural capital efficiency (SCE) and profitability, meaning, depending on an increase in R&D expenses, the effect of SCE on profitability also increases. On the other hand, it has been found that innovation capital efficiency has a direct impact on firms’ productivity. The results also showed that IC efficiency components have a moderating role on the relationship between capital employed efficiency and profitability. Research limitations/implications There might be a time lag until the effect of R&D investments can be observed in firms’ performance. However, this lagged impact of innovation capital and also other IC components on future firm performance has not been investigated due to concerns related to sample size. Originality/value The proposed model differs from the original VAIC model in three ways: it, namely, includes two additional IC components, customer capital (CC) and innovation capital. It explores the moderating effect of innovation capital on structural capital–firm performance relationship and the moderating effect of IC components on employed capital–firm performance relationship. As the last difference, it proposes an alteration in the VA calculation due to newly added IC components, CC and innovation capital.

Does female representation on corporate boards improve intellectual capital efficiency?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Farooq ◽  
Ammad Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between female representation on corporate boards and intellectual capital (IC) efficiency – while prior studies focus on the relationship between gender diversity and firms’ financial performance. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on data from top 500 UK listed firms for 2007–2016 (3,279 firm-years), this study employs an adjusted-value-added intellectual coefficient as a measure of IC efficiency. Further, the two-step system-generalised method of moments has been applied to account for endogeneity issues. Findings The results reveal a significant positive relationship between female representation on boards and IC efficiency, including human capital, structural/innovation capital and financial capital efficiency. These results are robust to alternative proxies for the independent variable and difference-in-difference estimation. Practical implications The results posit that female representation on boards is associated with IC efficiency, which is vital for firms’ value creation and competitive advantage in the knowledge-economy era. The study also endorses current legislation to increase female representation on corporate boards. Originality/value This is among the limited studies to explore the role of female representation on boards in IC efficiency – while most prior studies relate IC efficiency to financial performance.

Determinants of corporate social and environmental voluntary disclosure in Saudi listed firms

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmi A. Boshnak
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ifrs Implementation

Purpose This paper aims to examine firm characteristics and ownership structure determinants of corporate social and environmental voluntary disclosure (CSEVD) practices in Saudi Arabia to address the paucity of research in this field for Saudi listed firms. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses manual content and regression analyses for online annual report data for Saudi non-financial listed firms over the period 2016–2018 using CSEVD items drawing on global reporting initiative-G4 guidelines. Findings Models show that Saudi firm CSEVD has increased over time compared to previous studies to an average of 68% disclosure due to new corporate governance regulations and IFRS implementation. The models show that firm size, leverage, manufacturing industry type and government ownership are positive determinants of CSEVD, while family ownership is the negative driver of CSEVD. However, firm profitability, audit firm size, firm age and institutional ownership have no impact on the level of CSEVD. Originality/value Using legitimacy and stakeholder theories, the paper determines the influence of firm characteristics and ownership structure on CSEVD, identifying implications for firm stakeholders and providing some evidence on the impact of corporate governance regulation and IFRS implementation on such disclosure. The paper provides additional evidence on progress towards Saudi’s Vision 2030.

The effects of self-reflection on individual intellectual capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1124
Author(s):  
Zhining Wang ◽  
Shaohan Cai ◽  
Mengli Liu ◽  
Dandan liu ◽  
Lijun Meng
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Relational Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Human ◽  
Three Components

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to develop a tool measuring individual intellectual capital (IIC) and investigate the relationship between self-reflection and IIC.Design/methodology/approachThis study developed a theoretical model based on social cognitive theory and the literature of self-reflection and intellectual capital (IC). This research collected responses from 502 dyads of employees and their direct supervisors in 150 firms in China, and the study tested the research model using structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThe results indicate that three components of self-reflection, namely, need for self-reflection, engagement in self-reflection and insight, significantly contribute to all the three components of IIC, such as individual human capital, individual structural capital and individual relational capital. The findings suggest that need for self-reflection is the weakest component to impact individual human capital and individual relationship capital, while insight is the one that mostly enhances individual structural capital.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests that managers can enhance employees' IIC by facilitating their self-reflection. Managers can develop appropriate strategies based on findings of this study, to achieve their specific goals.Originality/valueFirst, this study develops a tool for measuring IIC. Second, this study provides an enriched theoretical explanation on the relationship between self-reflection and IIC – by showing that the three subdimensions of self-reflection, such as need, engagement and insight, influence the three subdimensions of IIC, such as individual human capital, individual structural capital and individual relational capital.

Do banks accumulate a higher level of intellectual capital? Evidence from an emerging market

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Phu Tran ◽  
Duc Hong Vo
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Relational Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
Nonfinancial Firms

PurposeIn developed countries, banks are perceived to accumulate a higher level of intellectual capital than firms in other sectors. However, this perception has not been considered or tested in the context of an emerging market such as Vietnam, which has one of the most dynamic economies in the Asian region. This study estimates and compares the level of accumulation of intellectual capital and its four components by financial and nonfinancial firms in Vietnam. Furthermore, this study examines the relationship between intellectual capital and its components and the performance of financial and nonfinancial firms.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses data collected from the annual reports of 75 financial and 75 nonfinancial firms in Vietnam from 2011 to 2018. A modified value-added intellectual coefficient model is adopted to measure the level of intellectual capital at firms. Various aspects of intellectual capital are considered, including the efficiency of human capital, structural capital, capital employed and relational capital. In addition, the generalized method of moments is used to ensure the robustness of the findings.FindingsFindings in this study indicate that financial firms in Vietnam have accumulated a higher level of intellectual capital than nonfinancial firms. In addition, intellectual capital contributes positively to financial firms' performance. Three components of intellectual capital – structural capital efficiency, capital employed efficiency and relational capital efficiency – positively affect performance by financial firms.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited to financial and nonfinancial firms in Vietnam. Empirical studies in the future should incorporate the efficiency aspects of these types of firms because different industries might have different characteristics, in particular, their current efficiency level, which might cause differences in relation to the accumulation of intellectual capital.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide valuable evidence and implications for executives and policymakers in creating, managing and enhancing intellectual capital within the Vietnamese context, in particular in the financial sector.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study conducted in the context of Vietnam, with the following two objectives: (1) to measure and compare the level of accumulation of intellectual capital by financial and nonfinancial firms in Vietnam; and (2) to examine the contribution of intellectual capital and its components to the performance by financial and nonfinancial firms in Vietnam.

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