Using code based GNSS double differences as Beacon landing system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dautermann ◽  
Bernd Korn ◽  
Maarten Uijt de Haag
Keyword(s):  
Double Differences

Multi-GNSS Single-Difference Baseline Processing at NGS with newly developed M-PAGES software

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Stressler ◽  
Andria Bilich ◽  
Clement Ogaja ◽  
Jacob Heck
Keyword(s):  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Integer Ambiguity ◽  
National Geodetic Survey ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Software Suite ◽  
Legacy Software ◽  
Double Differences ◽  
Single Difference ◽  
Gps Observations

<p>The U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has historically processed dual-frequency GPS observations in a double-differenced mode using the legacy software called the Program for the Adjustment of GPS Ephemerides (PAGES). As part of NGS’ modernization efforts, a new software suite named M-PAGES (i.e., Multi-GNSS PAGES) is being developed to replace PAGES. M-PAGES consists of a suite of C++ and Python libraries, programs, and scripts built to process observations from all GNSS constellations. The M-PAGES team has developed a single-difference baseline processing strategy that is suitable for multi-GNSS. This approach avoids the difficulty of forming double-differences across systems or frequencies, which may inhibit integer ambiguity resolution. The M-PAGES suite is expected to deploy to NGS’ Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) later this year. Here, we present the processing strategy being implemented along with a performance evaluation from sample baseline solutions obtained from data collected within the NOAA CORS Network.</p>

Legend of Constancie’. Although that virtue is Shepheardes Calender was thoroughly glossed by named only once before, to describe Guyon and his E.K., and his Dreames, as he told Harvey with some Palmer as they prepare to enter the Bower of Bliss (II pride, had ‘growen by means of the Glosse, (running xii 38.9), it is implicit in each virtue. Its importance continually in maner of a Paraphrase) full as great as is indicated in Elyot’s Gouernour 3.19: ‘that man my Calendar’ (Spenser 1912:612). In glossing The which in childehode is brought up in sondry vertues, Faerie Queene, I have taken E.K. as my guide, shar-if eyther by nature, or els by custome, he be nat ing his apprehension that without glosses ‘many induced to be all way constant and stable, so that he excellent and proper devises both in wordes and meue nat for any affection, griefe, or displeasure, all matter would passe in the speedy course of reading, his vertues will shortely decaye’. It seems inevitable either as unknown, or as not marked’ (Epistle). (For also that this legend, appropriately foreshortened, the historical practice that informs his glossing, see should be the seventh and final book, for that num-Tribble 1993:12–17, 72–87, and Snare 1995.) I ber heralds the poet’s day of rest to round out his six limit my annotations chiefly to words that need to be days of labour. On seven as the number of constancy explicated for readers today, selecting their meanings and mutability, see A. Fowler 1964:58. Such tradi-from the entirely indispensable OED, though I tional number symbolism would seem to determine believe that, finally, most may be clarified by their the numbering of the cantos: vi for the days of cre-immediate context and by their use elsewhere in the ation evident in Mutabilitie’s reign; vii for Nature’s poem. For several reasons, I have avoided interpreta-orderly control over that reign; and viii for regenera-tion as much as possible. First, limitations of space tion and resurrection; see I viii Arg. 1–2n, Bieman do not give me any choice. Second, I agree with 1988:233–38, and headnote to VII viii. Hanna 1991:180 that the annotator who resorts to The fragmentary nature of the cantos, and their interpretation will ‘impose his being, in a double differences in form from the previous books, pre-attack, on the reader and on the text’. Third, I agree clude any understanding of their place in a poem that also with Krier 1994:72 that an annotator’s inter-fashions the virtues. One may only speculate that they pretation is ‘premature and deracinated, especially provide a recapitulation or coda to certain themes for pedagogical purposes’. Fourth, I believe that any in the previous books, such as mutability; or ‘a interpretation of the poem – including my own – is detached retrospective commentary on the poem as Procrustean: a matter of finding several points com-a whole’ (Blissett 1964:26); or the allegorical ‘core’ mon to the poem and some other discourse, and of a book on constancy (Lewis 1936:353). Or that then aligning them, using whatever force is needed they constitute ‘one of the great philosophical poems to spin one’s own tale. All ‘readings’ of the poem of the language’ (Kermode 1965:225) that may be without exception are misreadings, at best partial read as an eschatology (Zitner 1968:11), or as a readings, if only because they are translations. At the theodicy (Oram 1997:290–300), or as an Ovidian same time I recognize that I am interpreting the brief epic (Holahan 1976, C. Burrow 1988:117–19) poem in drawing the reader’s attention to the mean-that treats the dialectical relationship of Nature and ings of its words, and adding such commentary as I Mutabilitie (Nohrnberg 1976:741–44), or the think represents a consensus on how the poem may nature of time itself (Waller 1994:181–85). be understood today. Yet I ask only that readers appreciate Spenser’s art in using words. Although his Annotations

2014 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Keyword(s):  
Faerie Queene ◽  
Number Symbolism ◽  
Double Differences ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nature Of Time ◽  
The Cantos ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Shepheardes Calender ◽  
Historical Practice

Western Pyrenees geodetic deformation study using the Guipuzcoa GNSS network

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Martín ◽  
Miguel Sevilla ◽  
Joaquín Zurutuza
Keyword(s):  
Basque Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Double Differences ◽  
Processing Module ◽  
Gnss Network ◽  
North Of Spain ◽  
Processing Engine ◽  
Basque Cantabrian Basin ◽  
Western Pyrenees

Abstract The Basque Country in the north of Spain is located inside the Basque-Cantabrian basin of the western Pyrenees which remarkable seismic-tectonic implications justify the need of geodetic control in the area. In order to perform a crustal deformation study we have analysed all daily observations from the GNSS permanent network of Guipuzcoa and external IGS stations, from January 2007 to November 2011. We have carried out the data processing applying double differences methodology in the automatic processing module BPE (Bernese Processing Engine) from Bernese GNSS software version 5.0. Solution was aligned to geodetic reference framework ITRF2008, by using the IGS08 solution and updated satellite and terrestrial antennas calibration. This five years network study results: Coordinate time series, velocities and baseline lengths variations show internal stability among inner stations and from them with respect to outer IGS stations, concluding that no deformations have been observed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Attitude Determination Methods Using GPS Carrier Phase Measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Baroni ◽  
Hélio Koiti Kuga
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Phase ◽  
Attitude Determination ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Integer Ambiguity ◽  
Integer Number ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Double Differences ◽  
Number Of Cycles

If three or more GPS antennas are mounted properly on a platform and differences of GPS signals measurements are collected simultaneously, the baselines vectors between antennas can be determined and the platform orientation defined by these vectors can be calculated. Thus, the prerequisite for attitude determination technique based on GPS is to calculate baselines between antennas to millimeter level of accuracy. For accurate attitude solutions to be attained, carrier phase double differences are used as main type of measurements. The use of carrier phase measurements leads to the problem of precise determination of the ambiguous integer number of cycles in the initial carrier phase (integer ambiguity). In this work two algorithms (LSAST and LAMBDA) were implemented and tested for ambiguity resolution allowing accurate real-time attitude determination using measurements given by GPS receivers in coupled form. Platform orientation was obtained using quaternions formulation, and the results showed that LSAST method performance is similar to LAMBDA as far as the number of epochs which are necessary to resolve ambiguities is concerned, but with processing time significantly higher. The final result accuracy was similar for both methods, better than 0.1° to 0.2°, when baselines are considered in decoupled form.

Farmer field schools for improving economic sustainability performance of Indonesian vegetable production

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono ◽  
Hanik Anggraeni Dewi ◽  
Putu Bagus Daroini ◽  
Evy Latifah ◽  
Arief Lukman Hakim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Project ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farmer Field Schools ◽  
Sustainability Performance ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Double Differences ◽  
Field Schools

PurposeA research and development project disseminated ecological technologies to approximately 3,250 vegetable farmers through farmer field schools (FFS) in four districts of Bali and East Java provinces of Indonesia. This article aims to assess the economic sustainability of vegetable production after FFS participation.Design/methodology/approachA survey randomly sampled 500 farmers, comprised of FFS participants (50%) and non-FFS participants (50%). Based on 1,000 farm operations, this analysis employed input-saving technology as the fundamental model examined using the double-difference method. Simultaneous reduction of agrochemicals and improvement of productivity represent indicators of economic sustainability.FindingsResults indicate that pesticide use decreased without jeopardising farm productivity; moreover, vegetable production increased. These findings indicate that the ecological technologies transferred through FFS significantly improved economic sustainability performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study purposively selected farmers who grew tomato and chilli. Thus, the outcomes are not generalisable to other crops.Practical implicationsFFS continues to be an effective method for transferring agricultural technologies to farmer communities. Policymakers are recommended to use FFS for disseminating beneficial and sustainable technologies to broader agricultural communities.Social implicationsThe adoption of ecological technologies provides positive economic and ecological milieus.Originality/valueThis study employs a double-differences approach to verify input-saving technological progress. Therefore, the performance of economic sustainability attributable to the project intervention is theoretically justified.

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