Gaussian elliptical fitting based skin color modeling for human detection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dushyant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Human Detection

scholarly journals Privacy Protection With Facial Deidentification Machine Learning Methods: Can Current Methods Be Applied to Dermatology?

Iproceedings ◽  
10.2196/35431 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e35431
Author(s):  
Hyeon Ki Jeong ◽  
Christine Park ◽  
Ricardo Henao ◽  
Meenal Kheterpal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Facial Image ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Utility

Background In the era of increasing tools for automatic image analysis in dermatology, new machine learning models require high-quality image data sets. Facial image data are needed for developing models to evaluate attributes such as redness (acne and rosacea models), texture (wrinkles and aging models), pigmentation (melasma, seborrheic keratoses, aging, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation), and skin lesions. Deidentifying facial images is critical for protecting patient anonymity. Traditionally, journals have required facial feature concealment typically covering the eyes, but these guidelines are largely insufficient to meet ethical and legal guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act for patient privacy. Currently, facial feature deidentification is a challenging task given lack of expert consensus and lack of testing infrastructure for adequate automatic and manual facial image detection. Objective This study aimed to review the current literature on automatic facial deidentification algorithms and to assess their utility in dermatology use cases, defined by preservation of skin attributes (redness, texture, pigmentation, and lesions) and data utility. Methods We conducted a systematic search using a combination of headings and keywords to encompass the concepts of facial deidentification and privacy preservation. The MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier), and Web of Science (via Clarivate) databases were queried from inception to May 1, 2021. Studies with the incorrect design and outcomes were excluded during the screening and review process. Results A total of 18 studies, largely focusing on general adversarial network (GANs), were included in the final review reporting various methodologies of facial deidentification algorithms for still and video images. GAN-based studies were included owing to the algorithm’s capacity to generate high-quality, realistic images. Study methods were rated individually for their utility for use cases in dermatology, pertaining to skin color or pigmentation and texture preservation, data utility, and human detection, by 3 human reviewers. We found that most studies notable in the literature address facial feature and expression preservation while sacrificing skin color, texture, pigmentation, which are critical features in dermatology-related data utility. Conclusions Overall, facial deidentification algorithms have made notable advances such as disentanglement and face swapping techniques, while producing realistic faces for protecting privacy. However, they are sparse and currently not suitable for complete preservation of skin texture, color, and pigmentation quality in facial photographs. Using the current advances in artificial intelligence for facial deidentification summarized herein, a novel approach is needed to ensure greater patient anonymity, while increasing data access for automated image analysis in dermatology. Conflicts of Interest None declared.

scholarly journals Intelligent optimal control of thermal vision-based Person-Following Robot Platform

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Ciric ◽  
Zarko Cojbasic ◽  
Vlastimir Nikolic ◽  
Tomislav Igic ◽  
Branko Tursnek
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robot ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Person Following ◽  
Thermal Vision ◽  
Robot Platform

In this paper the supervisory control of the Person-Following Robot Platform is presented. The main part of the high level control loop of mobile robot platform is a real-time robust algorithm for human detection and tracking. The main goal was to enable mobile robot platform to recognize the person in indoor environment, and to localize it with accuracy high enough to allow adequate human-robot interaction. The developed computationally intelligent control algorithm enables robust and reliable human tracking by mobile robot platform. The core of the recognition methods proposed is genetic optimization of threshold segmentation and classification of detected regions of interests in every frame acquired by thermal vision camera. The support vector machine classifier determines whether the segmented object is human or not based on features extracted from the processed thermal image independently from current light conditions and in situations where no skin color is visible. Variation in temperature across same objects, air flow with different temperature gradients, person overlap while crossing each other and reflections, put challenges in thermal imaging and will have to be handled intelligently in order to obtain the efficient performance from motion tracking system.

scholarly journals An improved human skin detection and localization by using machine learning techniques in RGB and YCbCr color spaces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mortazavi T. ◽  
Omid Mahdi Ebadati E.
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Skin Detection ◽  
Color Spaces ◽  
Detection And Localization

Human Skin Detection is one of the most applicable methods in human detection, face detection and so many other detections. These processes can be used in a wide spectrum like industry, medicine, security, etc. The objective of this work is to provide an accurate and efficient method to detect human skin in images. This method can detect and classify skin pixels and reduce the size of images. With the use of RGB and YCbCr color spaces, proposed approach can localize a Region Of Interest (ROI) that contains skin pixels. This method consists of three steps. In the first stage, pre-processing an image like normalization, detecting skin range from the dataset, etc. is done. In the second stage, the proposed method detects candidate’s pixels that are in the range of skin color. In the third stage, with the use of a classifier, it decreases unwanted pixels and areas to decrease the accuracy of the region. The results show 97% sensitivity and 85% specificity for support vector machine classifier.

scholarly journals Privacy Protection With Facial Deidentification Machine Learning Methods: Can Current Methods Be Applied to Dermatology? (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Ki Jeong ◽  
Christine Park ◽  
Ricardo Henao ◽  
Meenal Kheterpal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Facial Image ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Utility

BACKGROUND In the era of increasing tools for automatic image analysis in dermatology, new machine learning models require high-quality image data sets. Facial image data are needed for developing models to evaluate attributes such as redness (acne and rosacea models), texture (wrinkles and aging models), pigmentation (melasma, seborrheic keratoses, aging, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation), and skin lesions. Deidentifying facial images is critical for protecting patient anonymity. Traditionally, journals have required facial feature concealment typically covering the eyes, but these guidelines are largely insufficient to meet ethical and legal guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act for patient privacy. Currently, facial feature deidentification is a challenging task given lack of expert consensus and lack of testing infrastructure for adequate automatic and manual facial image detection. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the current literature on automatic facial deidentification algorithms and to assess their utility in dermatology use cases, defined by preservation of skin attributes (redness, texture, pigmentation, and lesions) and data utility. METHODS We conducted a systematic search using a combination of headings and keywords to encompass the concepts of facial deidentification and privacy preservation. The MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier), and Web of Science (via Clarivate) databases were queried from inception to May 1, 2021. Studies with the incorrect design and outcomes were excluded during the screening and review process. RESULTS A total of 18 studies, largely focusing on general adversarial network (GANs), were included in the final review reporting various methodologies of facial deidentification algorithms for still and video images. GAN-based studies were included owing to the algorithm’s capacity to generate high-quality, realistic images. Study methods were rated individually for their utility for use cases in dermatology, pertaining to skin color or pigmentation and texture preservation, data utility, and human detection, by 3 human reviewers. We found that most studies notable in the literature address facial feature and expression preservation while sacrificing skin color, texture, pigmentation, which are critical features in dermatology-related data utility. CONCLUSIONS Overall, facial deidentification algorithms have made notable advances such as disentanglement and face swapping techniques, while producing realistic faces for protecting privacy. However, they are sparse and currently not suitable for complete preservation of skin texture, color, and pigmentation quality in facial photographs. Using the current advances in artificial intelligence for facial deidentification summarized herein, a novel approach is needed to ensure greater patient anonymity, while increasing data access for automated image analysis in dermatology.

Applicability of Facial De-Identification Methods for Privacy Protection in Dermatology: Systematic Review (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Park ◽  
Hyeon Ki Jeong ◽  
Ricardo Henao ◽  
Meenal K. Kheterpal
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Privacy Preservation ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Feature Preservation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Texture Preservation

BACKGROUND De-identifying facial images is critical for protecting patient anonymity in the era of increasing tools for automatic image analysis in dermatology. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper was to review the current literature in the field of automatic facial de-identification algorithms. METHODS We conducted a systematic search using a combination of headings and keywords to encompass the concepts of facial de-identification and privacy preservation. The databases MEDLINE (via Pubmed), Embase (via Elsevier) and Web of Science (via Clarivate) were queried from inception to 5/1/2021. Studies of wrong design and outcomes were excluded during the screening and review process. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in the final review reporting various methodologies of facial de-identification algorithms. The study methods were rated individually for their utility for use cases in dermatology pertaining to skin color/pigmentation and texture preservation, data utility, and human detection. Most studies notable in the literature address feature preservation while sacrificing skin color and texture. CONCLUSIONS Facial de-identification algorithms are sparse and inadequate to preserve both facial features and skin pigmentation/texture quality in facial photographs. A novel approach is needed to ensure greater patient anonymity, while increasing data access for automated image analysis in dermatology for improved patient care.

scholarly journals An improved human skin detection and localization by using machine learning techniques in RGB and YCbCr color spaces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mortazavi T. ◽  
Omid Mahdi Ebadati E.
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Skin Detection ◽  
Color Spaces ◽  
Detection And Localization

Human Skin Detection is one of the most applicable methods in human detection, face detection and so many other detections. These processes can be used in a wide spectrum like industry, medicine, security, etc. The objective of this work is to provide an accurate and efficient method to detect human skin in images. This method can detect and classify skin pixels and reduce the size of images. With the use of RGB and YCbCr color spaces, proposed approach can localize a Region Of Interest (ROI) that contains skin pixels. This method consists of three steps. In the first stage, pre-processing an image like normalization, detecting skin range from the dataset, etc. is done. In the second stage, the proposed method detects candidate’s pixels that are in the range of skin color. In the third stage, with the use of a classifier, it decreases unwanted pixels and areas to decrease the accuracy of the region. The results show 97% sensitivity and 85% specificity for support vector machine classifier.

If Looks Could Kill

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Karen Chan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Chinese Canadian ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

For me, rhythm means having consistency. The piece highlights my own experience with the disruption of my daily rhythm due to COVID-19. The first half shows my routine and interactions prior to COVID-19 while the second half shows my experiences in the present day. Prior to the virus, I had a day to day routine that was filled with noise. Everyday moved quickly and I established a daily rhythm. However, when COVID-19 spread, it changed everything. I felt like I didn’t have a routine anymore because I wasn’t allowed to go anywhere. Time was moving much slower and worst of all, xenophobia was growing at a significant rate. As a Chinese Canadian, this was the first time I truly felt the weight of the color of my skin. COVID-19 changed the way that I consistently assumed that the color of my skin wasn’t something that strangers would significantly care about. However, as I got on a bus, I unintentionally scared a woman simply because of my skin color. From that point, I knew that xenophobia would affect the way people perceived me everyday. The woman was scared of the virus— which in turn was scared of me—and I was scared that she would thwart her anger towards me because I am Chinese. If looks could kill, then the woman and I ironically both feared each other. Now, due to COVID-19, I am adapting to a new routine. A routine where the color of skin rings louder than any other sound.

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