Advances in Fire Hazard Testing of Electrical Equipment

Although meeting the regulations of the time, early buildings are prone to fire hazards, such as damages to the fire zones, changes of floor entrances and exits, locked emergency exit doors, blocking of entrances and exits by vehicles, increased fire sources, dense population in the buildings, due to insufficient professional knowledge and technology in fire prevention. Once a fire occurs, it can result in major casualties, serious loss of social costs, as well as environmental and social issues. This study investigated 17 major fire cases occurring in residential-commercial composite buildings in the last 20 years in Taiwan. The fire hazard factors were determined based on expert review. The findings can serve as a reference for fire agencies in promoting fire prevention.

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Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Use in Fire Hazard Analysis

10.1520/e1678-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Fire Hazard ◽

Hazard Analysis ◽

Test Method ◽

Smoke Toxicity ◽

In Fire

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ANALYSIS OF SAFETY SYSTEM RELIABILITY KI HADJAR DEWANTARA MAKO KODICLATAL BUILDING TOWARDS FIRE HAZARDS PREVENTION

JOURNAL ASRO ◽

10.37875/asro.v12i02.397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Dodiek Alfianzi ◽

Ikhwan Syahtaria ◽

Udisubakti Cipto Mulyono ◽

I Made Jiwa Astika

Keyword(s):

System Design ◽

Management System ◽

Fire Hazard ◽

Inspection System ◽

Fire Prevention ◽

Fire Hazards ◽

A Value ◽

Precautionary Measures ◽

Fire Prevention Management ◽

In Fire

Designing a fire prevention inspection system in buildings is very necessary, to determine the level of reliability. The fire prevention management system uses the following criteria: precautionary measures and preventive supervision against fire hazards. The assessment of the system design is carried out by means of a questionnaire for respondents who understand / are experts in fire problems, and the application of the system design uses direct surveys and questionnaires to the building manager. The assessment is carried out at the smallest level. Analysis of the building reliability inspection system in fire prevention using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the criteria used are: prevention, limitation and extinguishing against fire. The fire prevention management system uses the following criteria: precautionary measures and preventive supervision against fire hazards. The results of the reliability inspection of the Ki Hadjar Dewantara Mako Kodiklatal building in Surabaya with a value of 94.06% indicated that the reliability system was in the "Less Reliable" category for fire hazard prevention. Keywords: Inspection, fire prevention, reliability.

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Evaluation of critical atmospheric patterns for the occurrence of forest fires in a climate change context in the northwest of Argentine Patagonia.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-610 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Verónica Dankiewicz ◽

Matilde M. Rusticucci ◽

Soledad M. Collazo

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Fire Hazard ◽

Fire Danger ◽

Fire Season ◽

Historical Period ◽

Fire Weather Index ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

Argentine Patagonia ◽

In Fire

<p>Forest fires are a global phenomenon and result from complex interactions between weather and climate conditions, ignition sources, and humans. Understanding these relationships will contribute to the development of management strategies for their mitigation and adaptation. In the context of climate change, fire hazard conditions are expected to increase in many regions of the world due to projected changes in climate, which include an increase in temperatures and the occurrence of more intense droughts. In Argentina, northwestern Patagonia is an area very sensitive to these changes because of its climate, vegetation, the urbanizations highly exposed to fires, and the proximity of two of the largest and oldest National Parks in the country. The main objective of this work is to analyze the possible influence of climate change on some atmospheric patterns related to fire danger in northwestern Argentine Patagonia. The data were obtained from two CMIP5 global climate models CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 and GFDL-ESM2G and the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble, in the historical experiment and two representative concentration pathways: RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The data used in this study cover the region's fire season (FS), from September to April, and were divided into five periods of 20 years each, a historical period (1986-2005), which was compared with four future periods: near (2021-2040), medium (2041-2060), far (2061-2080) and very far (2081-2100). The statistical distribution of the monthly composite fields of the FS was studied for some of the main fire drivers: sea surface temperature in the region of the index EN3.4 (SST EN3.4), sea level pressure anomalies &#8203;&#8203;(SLP), surface air temperature anomalies (TAS), the Antarctic Oscillation Index (AOI) and monthly accumulated precipitation (PR). In addition, the partial correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the independent contribution of each atmospheric variable to the Fire Weather Index (FWI), used as a proxy for the mean FS danger. As a result, we observed that SST EN3.4 is the only one that could indicate a reduction in fire danger in the future, although no variable presented a significant contribution to the FWI with respect to the others. In the RCP8.5 scenario, greater fire danger is projected by the TAS, the PR, the SLP, and relative by the AOI, while in the RCP2.6 scenario, only the TAS shows influence leading to an increase, which would be offset by the opposite influence of SST EN3.4 for the same periods in this scenario. In conclusion, in RCP8.5 it could be assumed that there is a trend towards an increase in fire danger given the influence in this sense of most of the variables analyzed, but not in RCP2.6 where there would be no significant changes.</p>

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Mounting wires as a source of ignition in electrical cabinets

Pozharnaia bezopasnost` ◽

10.37657/vniipo.pb.2021.51.13.003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 27-35

Author(s):

Геннадий Васильевич Боков ◽

Антон Александрович Назаров ◽

Денис Геннадьевич Боков

Keyword(s):

Electrical Equipment ◽

Ignition Source ◽

Insulation Material ◽

Single Wire ◽

Current Value ◽

The Wire ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

In Fire ◽

Wire Insulation

Приведены результаты исследований монтажных проводов электрических шкафов на воспламеняемость под воздействием тока. Выделены три зоны сверхтока, имеющие отличительные особенности появления источника зажигания. Показано влияние изоляции провода на частоту появления воспламенения в местах присоединения его к элементу электрооборудования. Представлены данные о воспламеняемости поливинилхлоридной изоляции в диапазоне пожароопасных значений сверхтока. Предложено характеризовать электрический провод как потенциальный источник зажигания площадью, образованной зависимостью времени воспламенения изоляции в интервале возможных сверхтоков. Wires are widely used for internal installation of electrical cabinets. Number of fire cases caused by wires takes one of the first places in fire statistics. Application of wires in the cabinets has its own fire-prone aspects peculiarities as concerns initiation of electrical nature ignition source. It appears both at single wire laying and at laying in cords where wires touch each other also in connection points of electrical apparatuses and devices located in the cabinet. The article considers issues of ignition source appearance in wires taking into account specifics of their installation in electrical cabinets. Ignition source appearance in a single wire and in wires contacting each other has a difference. There are given experimental data on inflammation frequency of wire insulation material at single wire laying and also at higher resistance in electrical elements connection points. Zones that differ in characteristic features of wire as an ignition source are given in the range of possible overcurrents. Zone A is characterized by insulation ignition with low probability due to low current density that is not enough to heat the wire up to the critical temperature Т, at which thermal decomposition products of wire insulating polymeric cover ignite. Zone B is designated in the range of overcurrent ratio from 2,5 to 18 compared with the long term permissible current value, in which insulation inflammation is observed due to fast conductor heating taking into account the influence of connection points with devices and apparatuses where increased transient resistance is present. It is experimentally confirmed that with the increase in transient resistance at the point of conductor connection with electrical equipment elements, the inflammation frequency of wire insulation increases. At the same time, the overcurrent range where ignition source appears reduces. It is proposed to use the area limited by the dependence of the time before insulation inflammation from the minimum to the maximum current value at which ignition occurs as a characteristic of the wire as an ignition source.

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The Live-Action Fire Hazard and Computer Fire Simulation Research of Large Store

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1175 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 368-373 ◽

pp. 1175-1181

Author(s):

Shu Ping Zhang ◽

Wen Jun Wei

Keyword(s):

Fire Hazard ◽

Simulation Research ◽

Eddy Simulation ◽

Real Scene ◽

Large Eddy ◽

Fire Smoke ◽

Computer Numerical Simulation ◽

Fire Scene ◽

Fire Spreading ◽

In Fire

This paper took a large store building from Xi'an city which was on fire in 2008 to be the research object, simulating fire smoke, temperature and flame situation with FDS computer numerical simulation, and performed a comparative analysis with its real fire scene pictures. The research shows that during the early 12 minutes, the flamed area is small, the simulated temperature, smoke are highly coherent with the real scene; In the mean time, when considering the whole spreading tendency of building fire in a period of time from macro angle, large eddy simulation can truly reflect fire transient turbulence properties, but the volumetric heat source method has some limitations in fire spreading simulation, thereby it will have a certain affect on smoke flowing simulation.

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