An automated tool for pre-operational mapping of floods and inland waters using Sentinel-1 data is presented. The acronym AUTOWADE (AUTOmatic Water Areas DEtector) is used to denote it. The tool provides the end user (Italian Department of Civil Protection) with a continuous, near real-time (NRT) monitoring of the extent of inland water surfaces (floodwater and permanent water). It implements the following operations: downloading of Sentinel-1 products; preprocessing of the products and storage of the resulting geocoded and calibrated data; generation of the intermediate products, such as the exclusion mask; application of a floodwater/permanent water mapping algorithm; generation of the output layer, i.e., a map of floodwater/permanent water; delivery of the output layer to the end user. The open floodwater/permanent water mapping algorithm implemented in AUTOWADE is based on a new approach, denoted as buffer-from-edge (BFE), which combines different techniques, such as clustering, edge filtering, automatic thresholding and region growing. AUTOWADE copes also with the typical presence of gaps in the flood maps caused by undetected flooded vegetation. An attempt to partially fill these gaps by analyzing vegetated areas adjacent to open water is performed by another algorithm implemented in the tool, based on the fuzzy logic. The BFE approach has been validated offline using maps produced by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. Validation has given good results with a F1-score larger than 0.87 and a kappa coefficient larger than 0.80. The algorithm to detect flooded vegetation has been visually compared with optical data and aerial photos; its capability to fill some of the gaps present in flood maps has been confirmed.
VCSEL Based Optoelectronic Oscillator (VBO) for 1.25 Gbit/s RZ Pulse Optical Data Generation
