Supplemental Material: Polychromatic polarization: Boosting the capabilities of the good old petrographic microscope

Description of the polychromatic polarizing microscope.<br>

Supplemental Material: Polychromatic polarization: Boosting the capabilities of the good old petrographic microscope

Description of the polychromatic polarizing microscope.<br>

Calcareous Nanofossil of Post-Gondwana Sequence in Southern Banda Arc, Indonesia

The presence of calcareous nannofossils in samples of the Post-Gondwana sequences (Kolbano and Viqueque sequence) gives guidance about the relative age of the study area located in the Outer Banda Arc, namely Timor, Rote, and Sawu Island. The study was carried out on six traverses, Timor Island traverse (Baun and Camplong), Rote Island traverse (Termanu and Central Rote), and Sawu Island traverses (West Sawu and East Sawu). There is 29 outcrop sample prepared using the smear slide method and observed using a polarizing microscope with 1000x magnification. The results of the study showed the presence of Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogen-Quarternary calcareous nannofossil. There are 82 species from 14 families identified in the post-Gondwana sequence. The results showed that the assemblage of calcareous nannofossil in Cretaceous characterized by the presence of Watznaueria fasciata, Watznaueria cynthae, Cyclagelosphaera brezae, Orastrum campanensis, and Micula concava. The assemblage of Paleogene calcareous nannofossil characterized by the presence of Coccolithus staurion, Chiasmolithus solitus, Discoaster minimus, Tawelus (?) magnicrassus, Chiasmolithus bidens, Prinsius africanus, Cyclicargolithus luminus, Spenolithus elongatus, Reticulofenestra umbilica, Cruciplacolithus vanheckae, and Helicospharea seminulum, and the assemblage of Neogene calcareous nannofossil characterized by the presence of Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster quinqueramus, Helicosphaera princei, and Discoaster pansus. Quarternary calcareous nannofossil characterized by the presence of Ponthospaera indooceanica.

Biostratigraphy of Yamama Formation in Faihaa Oil Field, Southern Iraq

The Yamama Formation was studied in three wells (Fh-1, Fh-2, and Fh-3) within Faihaa oil field, south Iraq. Thin sections were studied by using the polarizing microscope examination in order to determine microfossils and biozone. Thirty-five species of benthic foraminifera were recognized, including four index species. In addition, twelve species of calcareous green algae were recognized, including two index species. Other fossils that were recognized in Yamama Formation include Gastropoda, Bryozoa, Coral, Rudist, and Pelecypoda. Six biozones were observed, which are Charentia cuvillieri sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Psudochryalidina infracretacea sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Pseudocyclammina Lituus sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age), Nezzazata Perforate sp.andChoffatella sp.(Assemblage Zoneof Berriasian-Valanginian age), Desycladales Green Algae- Cylindroporella sp. (Range Zone of Early Cretaceous- Berriasian age), and Desycladales Green Algae- Salpingoporella cf. circassa sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age). According to these biozones, the age of Yamama Formation was distinguished to be the Berriasian-Valanginian.

Microstructural Improvement of Eutectic Al + Mg2Si Phases on Al–Zn–Si–Mg Cast Alloy with TiB2 Particles Additions

In this study, the effects of adding TiB2 particles to eutectic Al + Mg2Si phases in aluminum alloys were analyzed. The eutectic Al + Mg2Si phases were modified effectively when a large amount of TiB2 was added, and changes in the shape, size, and distribution of the eutectic Al + Mg2Si phases were confirmed using a polarizing microscope and FE-SEM. The crystal structure of the TiB2 particles and Mg2Si phases were analyzed using HR-TEM, and the analysis confirmed that the TiB2 particles can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites. This paper intends to clarify the principle of phase modification of the eutectic Al + Mg2Si phases by TiB2 particles and proposes a new mechanism to improve Mg2Si phase modification when TiB2 particles are added.

Synthesis and Thermotropic of PAMEs Based on 1-Phenethyl-4-Piperidone Moiety

New poly(azomethine-ether)s PAMEs containing 1-phenethyl-4-piperidone moiety have been synthesized through a solution polymerization of various diformyl-a,w-diphenoxyalkanes, I-IV with 3,5-bis(p-aminobenzylidene)-1-Phenethyl-4-piperidone VI. The structures of these polymers were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. The inherent viscosities of the resulting polymers were found to range from 0.65 to 0.95 dl/g. The solubility of the PAMEs was estimated, showing good solubility in aprotic solvents. The thermal properties of the PAMEs were also evaluated by DSC technique. Liquid crystalline state of the polymers was observed on polarizing microscope exhibiting nematic phase for most of the synthesized polymers.

Influence of Various Chemical Surface Treatments, Repair Materials, and Techniques on Transverse Strength of Thermoplastic Nylon Denture Base

The process of repairing the fractured nylon denture bases and addition of acrylic teeth to the previously worn nylon denture bases has not been widely studied. This study aims to assess the transverse strength of nylon denture bases repaired by various resin materials, different curing techniques, and types of surface treatments. Materials and Methods. One hundred fifty thermoplastic nylon denture base samples were fabricated using plastic patterns measuring 65 × 10 × 2.5 mm (length, width, and thickness, respectively). These samples were then divided into three equal groups. Fifty samples were repaired by microwave heat-polymerization, fifty samples were repaired using the Ivomate autopolymerization, and the other fifty were repaired using light-polymerized acrylic resin. Each of these three groups was further divided into five subgroups of ten samples based on the type of surface treatment. The samples in the control group did not undergo any surface treatment, and the other four groups were chemically surface treated with monomer, acetone, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol, respectively. A three-point bending test was used to calculate the transverse strength values of the samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to determine the component of functional groups between the polyamide nylon base and poly(methyl-methacrylate) PMMA repair materials. A polarizing microscope was utilized to investigate the mode of failure at the fracture surfaces. Results. The collected data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Sidak’s multiple comparison test to show the differences among different groups. For surface treatments, the highest transverse strength values were obtained by monomer-treated samples (18.29 N/mm2); however, the lowest values were obtained in non-surface treated samples (5.58 N/mm2). While for repair techniques, the highest transverse strength values were obtained by microwave processing, followed by Ivomate and then the light-cured polymerization. The means were found to be significant (p<0.001). FTIR analysis shows the presence of hydrogen bonding which is due to the ester and amid groups which enhance the bond strength of the surface-treated samples. The interface of the polarizing microscope images revealed a cohesive fracture within repair materials rather than the adhesive nature. Conclusion. The microwave-polymerized resin was considered as the most effective repair technique along with monomer chemical etchant which creates a tight adhesion between PMMA and nylon denture base in comparison to other groups.

Geochemistry and paleoenvironment of the phosphorites from the Ameki Formation, Niger delta, Nigeria

The phosphorites of the Ameki Formation occur as nodules, pellets as well as primary phosphatic shales and siltstones. Geochemical analysis of the phosphate samples was carried out to determine its chemical composition as well as its depositional environment. The methodology applied include XRF, INAA, XRD and thin section petrography using Polarizing Microscope. The XRF result identified CaO- P2O5- F as the major mineral group, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and TiO2, which show minor occurrences and Cr, U, Pb, V, Cu, Zn, Se and Cd that occur in trace amounts. The nodules and pellets are of medium to high grade (25- 34wt% P2O5) whereas the primary phosphatic shales and siltstones are of low to medium grade (4.5– 22wt% P2O5). The phosphorites comprise mostly of francolites. The mean index of refraction estimated by Becke-line method using Standard Polarizing Microscope gave 1.634 and1.636.XRD analysis yielded an average values of 9.243 (± 0.002) A° and 6.715 (± 0.002) A° for a and c crystallographic axes respectively with an axial ratio (c/a) of 0.726for unit cell parameter, suggestive of low degree of carbonate substitution. An increase in P2O5 content is found to be accompanied by increase in CaO, CO2 and F contents, but by a decrease in H2O, organic carbon, SiO2 and Fe contents indicative of amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate. The phosphorite is interpreted to form under high biologic productive, shelf setting. High nutrient availability in the ancient sea is linked to upwelling along the West African Coastline during the Eocene. Keywords: Phosphorites; Geochemistry; Paleoenvironment; Ameki; Francolites; Nodules