On Actual Maximum Exposure From 5G Multicolumn Radio Base Station Antennas for Electromagnetic Field Compliance Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Tornevik ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Jiajia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Compliance Assessment ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Maximum Exposure

scholarly journals On Actual Maximum Exposure From 5G Multi-Column Radio Base Station Antennas for Electromagnetic Field Compliance Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Jiajia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Compliance Assessment ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Maximum Exposure

The traditional approach of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure compliance assessment is highly conservative when applied to radio base station antennas implementing dynamic beamforming. In this paper, an analytical model based on the queuing theory with a hyper-exponential service distribution time is developed to assess the time-averaged actual maximum downlink exposure of 5G multi-column radio base station antennas by taking into account the effects of beam scanning over time in free space. Using the measured antenna radiation patterns, the 5G downlink antenna precoding codebook, and assuming a conservative user equipment distribution, the ratio of the actual maximum exposure to the theoretical maximum exposure with 100% traffic load and 75% time-division duplex downlink duty cycle is found to be less than 0.5 and 0.3 for four-transmitter and eight-transmitter radio base station antennas, respectively. These results show that assuming constant peak power transmission in a fixed direction leads to an overestimate of downlink exposure also from conventional antennas characterized by only a few transmitters in addition to massive multi-input multi-output products.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS ON TRENDING ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE LEVELS AT HOMES AND PROXIMITY NEXT TO BASE STATIONS ALONG THREE YEARS IN A CITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman ÇEREZCİ ◽  
Baha KANBEROĞLU ◽  
Şuayb Çağrı YENER
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The City

Electromagnetic field exposure levels of people living in the closest houses to the GSM transmitting antennas were investigated in a city between 2010 and 2012. At the end of 3-year period, trend of the electromagnetic exposure levels was determined especially for indoor/outdoor environments near the base station antennas. Because of increasing number of base stations by years and changing of the technology, it is determined that average electromagnetic exposure values in the city increased in a certain extent each year. Total and frequency selective measurements were performed in indoor/outdoor places. The results were compared by International ICNIRP limits. In addition, possibility of the compliance with some European countries which have applied low limit values are discussed to minimize involuntary exposure to electromagnetic fields at indoor/outdoor environments. Consequently, a suggestion is made and discussed for obtaining relatively homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field exposure at indoor/outdoor environments near base station antennas to eliminate extent values.

scholarly journals On Actual Maximum Exposure From 5G Multi-Column Radio Base Station Antennas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Jiajia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Service Distribution ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Maximum Exposure

The traditional approach of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure compliance assessment is highly conservative when applied to radio base station antennas implementing beamforming. In this paper, an analytical model based on the queuing theory with a hyper-exponential service distribution time is developed to assess the time-averaged actual maximum exposure of 5G multi-column radio base station antennas by taking into account the effects of beam scanning over time. Using the measured antenna radiation patterns, the 5G downlink antenna precoding codebook, and assuming a conservative user equipment distribution, the ratio of the actual maximum exposure to the theoretical maximum exposure with 100% traffic load and 75% time-division duplex downlink duty cycle is found to be less than 0.5 and 0.3 for four-transmitter and eight-transmitter radio base station antennas, respectively. These results show that assuming constant peak power transmission in a fixed direction leads to an overestimate of exposure also from conventional antennas characterized by only a few transmitters in addition to massive multi-input multi-output products.

Hygienic strategy of mobile communication base station antennas radiofrequency electromagnetic field values modern control

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 583-586
Author(s):  
Lidia A. Lutsenko ◽  
Anna V. Sukhova ◽  
Rustam V. Turdyev
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Communications ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Energy Flux Density

Introduction. The urgency of the issue is due to the rapid development of new telecommunications and information technologies, the widespread introduction and distribution of cellular base stations (BS), which changes the conditions of contact of the population with sources of electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies (EMR RF). The aim of the study is to summarize the results of the analysis of the project documentation for the placement of mobile radiotelephone network BS in terms of comparability of calculated and actually measured levels of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from transmitting antennas; to determine the prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS. Materials and methods. For hygienic control of EMR levels, serial broadband meters PZ-42 and NBM-550 were used; the method according to MUC 4.3.1677-03 "Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field created by radiating technical means of television, FM radio broadcasting and base stations of land mobile radio communications". 74 BS were examined, whose antennas were a source of EMR at the frequency of 2620-2640 MHz with a power of 24.2-24.4 W. Results. The maximum length of the building restriction zone (BRZ) from the BS antennas ranged from 16 m to 101 m, regardless of the power of the radiating means, in 50% of cases the length of the BRZ was 30-45 m. In 40% of cases, BS antennas are installed on the roofs of low-rise buildings with BRZ at a height that falls to 5-10 meters from ground level. The excess of the calculated EMR values in terms of energy flux density (EFD) was determined for 50% of the BS. Instrumental measurements of EFD in 19.4% of cases showed excess remote, 11.1% - exceeding marked only by considering the expanded uncertainty (EU) measurement EFD. It was found that the values of EFD measured with EU are more closely approximated to the calculated values. Conclusions. Substantiated recommendations on whether the calculation of the era for height and length for the lower lobes in a radiation direction of antenna, recording ratio EU of the measured values of EFD for additional health human in multivariate emitters of EMR RF. The prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS operation are defined.

scholarly journals On Actual Maximum Exposure From 5G Multi-Column Radio Base Station Antennas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik ◽  
Fatemeh Ghasemifard ◽  
Jiajia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Service Distribution ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Maximum Exposure

The traditional approach of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure compliance assessment is highly conservative when applied to radio base station antennas implementing beamforming. In this paper, an analytical model based on the queuing theory with a hyper-exponential service distribution time is developed to assess the time-averaged actual maximum exposure of 5G multi-column radio base station antennas by taking into account the effects of beam scanning over time. Using the measured antenna radiation patterns, the 5G downlink antenna precoding codebook, and assuming a conservative user equipment distribution, the ratio of the actual maximum exposure to the theoretical maximum exposure with 100% traffic load and 75% time-division duplex downlink duty cycle is found to be less than 0.5 and 0.3 for four-transmitter and eight-transmitter radio base station antennas, respectively. These results show that assuming constant peak power transmission in a fixed direction leads to an overestimate of exposure also from conventional antennas characterized by only a few transmitters in addition to massive multi-input multi-output products.

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