The application of a nonlinear autoregressive modeling approach with exogenous input (NARX) neural networks for modeling groundwater level fluctuation has been examined by several researchers. However, the suitability of NARX in modeling groundwater level dynamics in urbanized and arid aquifer systems has not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, a NARX-based modeling approach is presented to establish a robust water management tool to aid urban water managers in controlling the development of shallow water tables induced by artificial recharge activity. Temperature data series are used as exogenous inputs for the NARX network, as they better reflect the intensity of artificial recharge activities, such as excessive lawns irrigation. Input delays and feedback delays for the NARX networks are determined based on the autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses of detrended groundwater levels and monthly temperature averages. The validation of the proposed approach is assessed through a rolling validation procedure. Four observation wells in Kuwait City are selected to test the applicability of the proposed approach. The results showed the superiority of the NARX-based approach in modeling groundwater levels in such an urbanized and arid aquifer system, with coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging between 0.762 and 0.994 in the validation period. Comparison with other statistical models applied to the same study area shows that NARX models presented here reduced the mean absolute error (MAE) of groundwater levels forecasts by 50%. The findings of this paper are promising and provide a valuable tool for the urban city planner to assist in controlling the problem of shallow water tables for similar climatic and aquifer systems.
A differential autoregressive modeling approach within a point process framework for non-stationary heartbeat intervals analysis
