Electric Vehicles and energy storage — a case study on Ireland

In electric vehicles with multiple motors, the torque at each wheel can be controlled independently, offering significant opportunities for enhancing vehicle dynamics behaviour and system efficiency. This paper investigates energy efficient torque distribution strategies for improving the operational efficiency of electric vehicles with multiple motors. The proposed strategies are based on the minimisation of power losses, considering the powertrain efficiency characteristics, and are easily implementable in real-time. A longitudinal dynamics vehicle model is developed in Simulink/Simscape environment, including energy models for the electrical machines, the converter, and the energy storage system. The energy efficient torque distribution strategies are compared with simple distribution schemes under different standardised driving cycles. The effect of the different strategies on the powertrain elements, such as the electric machine and the energy storage system, are analysed. Simulation results show that the optimal torque distribution strategies provide a reduction in energy consumption of up to 5.5% for the case-study vehicle compared to simple distribution strategies, also benefiting the battery state of charge.

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Future Trends and Aging Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132413779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 13779

Author(s):

Pedram Asef ◽

Marzia Milan ◽

Andrew Lapthorn ◽

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Energy State ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Future Trends ◽

Aging Effects ◽

Energy Productivity

The increase of electric vehicles (EVs), environmental concerns, energy preservation, battery selection, and characteristics have demonstrated the headway of EV development. It is known that the battery units require special considerations because of their nature of temperature sensitivity, aging effects, degradation, cost, and sustainability. Hence, EV advancement is currently concerned where batteries are the energy accumulating infers for EVs. This paper discusses recent trends and developments in battery deployment for EVs. Systematic reviews on explicit energy, state-of-charge, thermal efficiency, energy productivity, life cycle, battery size, market revenue, security, and commerciality are provided. The review includes battery-based energy storage advances and their development, characterizations, qualities of power transformation, and evaluation measures with advantages and burdens for EV applications. This study offers a guide for better battery selection based on exceptional performance proposed for traction applications (e.g., BEVs and HEVs), considering EV’s advancement subjected to sustainability issues, such as resource depletion and the release in the environment of ozone and carbon-damaging substances. This study also provides a case study on an aging assessment for the different types of batteries investigated. The case study targeted lithium-ion battery cells and how aging analysis can be influenced by factors such as ambient temperature, cell temperature, and charging and discharging currents. These parameters showed considerable impacts on life cycle numbers, as a capacity fading of 18.42%, between 25–65 °C was observed. Finally, future trends and demand of the lithium-ion batteries market could increase by 11% and 65%, between 2020–2025, for light-duty and heavy-duty EVs.

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Online Building Load Management Control with Plugged-in Electric Vehicles Considering Uncertainties

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12081436 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1436 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Moses Amoasi Acquah ◽

Sekyung Han

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Management Control ◽

Load Management ◽

Energy Management System ◽

Distributed Energy ◽

Demand Forecast ◽

Distributed Energy Storage ◽

Building Load

Robust operation of load management control for a building is important to account for the uncertainty in demand as well as any distributed sources connected to the building. This paper discussed an online load management control solution using distributed energy storage (DES) while considering uncertainties in demand as well as DES to reduce peak demand for economic benefit. In recent years’ demand-side management (DSM) solutions using DES such as stationary energy management system (BESS) and plugged-in electric vehicles (PEV) have been popularised. Most of these solutions resort to deterministic load forecast for the day ahead energy scheduling and do not consider the uncertainties in demand and DES making these solutions vulnerable to uncertainties. This study presents an online density demand forecast, k-means clustering of PEV groups and stochastic optimisation for robust operation of BESS and PEV for a building. The proposed method accounts for uncertainties in demand and uncertainties due to mobile energy storage as presented by PEVs. For a case study, we used data obtained from an industrial site in South Korea. The verified results as compared to other methods with a deterministic approach prove the solution is efficient and robust.

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Optimal Sizing Procedure for Electric Vehicle Supply Infrastructure Based on DC Microgrid with Station Commitment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12101901 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1901 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Benedetto Aluisio ◽

Maria Dicorato ◽

Imma Ferrini ◽

Giuseppe Forte ◽

Roberto Sbrizzai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Power Supply ◽

Energy Exchange ◽

Optimal Operation ◽

Dc Microgrid ◽

Photovoltaic Panels ◽

Specific Approach ◽

Definition Of

The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) can be sustained by the presence of integrated solutions offering parking and clean power supply. The recourse to DC systems allows better integration of EV bidirectional energy exchange, photovoltaic panels, and energy storage. In this paper, a methodology for optimal techno-economic sizing of a DC-microgrid for covering EV mobility needs is carried out. It is based on the definition of different scenarios of operation, according to typical EV usage outlooks and environmental conditions. In each scenario, optimal operation is carried out by means of a specific approach for EV commitment on different stations. The sizing procedure is able to handle the modular structure of microgrid devices. The proposed approach is applied to a case study of an envisaged EV service fleet for the Bari port authority.

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Hybridisation of battery, supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor for load applications with high crest factors: a case study of electric vehicles

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i2.pp614-622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 614

Author(s):

Immanuel Ninma Jiya ◽

Nicoloy Gurusinghe ◽

Rupert Gouws

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

The Novel ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Multiple Input ◽

Optimum Utilization ◽

Hybrid Capacitors ◽

Charge Discharge

This paper proposes a novel topology of hybridizing battery, supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor for optimum utilization of energy in electric vehicles. Hybridization of energy storage has been the theme of much research in the field of power electronics as it is an effective economic solution towards improving the utilization of energy. Batteries have fallen short in comparison to both supercapacitors and hybrid capacitors because of their low power density and limited charge-discharge cycle. Most of the previous research in this field focuses on hybridizing either supercapacitor or hybrid capacitor with the battery but not both. This paper deals with the combination of both supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor with the battery thus addressing the problem of the lack of autonomy between two recharge points in supercapacitors, three hybridization techniques are considered and the balance point of the supercapacitor and hybrid capacitor banks is presented. The prospects of using a multiple-input DC-DC converter is also analyzed. An experimental electric vehicle profile was used to verify the proposed topology and the results are presented. The application of the novel hybridization of the three energy storage devices can be extended to other applications having a load profile with high crest factors.

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