scholarly journals On the Investigation of Energy Efficient Torque Distribution Strategies through a Comprehensive Powertrain Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4549
Author(s):  
Sara Salamone ◽  
Basilio Lenzo ◽  
Giovanni Lutzemberger ◽  
Francesco Bucchi ◽  
Luca Sani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Torque Distribution ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Battery State Of Charge

In electric vehicles with multiple motors, the torque at each wheel can be controlled independently, offering significant opportunities for enhancing vehicle dynamics behaviour and system efficiency. This paper investigates energy efficient torque distribution strategies for improving the operational efficiency of electric vehicles with multiple motors. The proposed strategies are based on the minimisation of power losses, considering the powertrain efficiency characteristics, and are easily implementable in real-time. A longitudinal dynamics vehicle model is developed in Simulink/Simscape environment, including energy models for the electrical machines, the converter, and the energy storage system. The energy efficient torque distribution strategies are compared with simple distribution schemes under different standardised driving cycles. The effect of the different strategies on the powertrain elements, such as the electric machine and the energy storage system, are analysed. Simulation results show that the optimal torque distribution strategies provide a reduction in energy consumption of up to 5.5% for the case-study vehicle compared to simple distribution strategies, also benefiting the battery state of charge.

scholarly journals Battery Degradation Minimization-Oriented Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Dai Wang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Fan Tong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Hybrid Energy Storage ◽  
Hybrid Energy Storage System ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Battery Degradation

A battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is developed to mitigate the battery degradation for electric vehicles. By coordinating the battery and supercapacitor, the proposed system avoids using the large bidirectional DC/DC. Through the improved topology and two added controlled switches, the battery current can be managed flexibly. Based on the battery and supercapacitor voltage, seven operation modes of battery and capacitor cooperation are designed. The control strategy is redesigned to match the modes, in which the key control parameters are calibrated based on three standard driving cycles. During driving, the proposed system calls the predefined parameter set by the cycle recognition technique. The objective of the cycle-related control is to maximize the harvest of the braking energy and minimize battery degradation in various driving styles. Taking the battery case solely as a benchmark and the infinite supercapacitors case as the largest battery degradation mitigation scenario, the battery degradation quantification of the proposed energy storage system shows more than 80% mitigation of the maximum theoretical battery degradation mitigation on urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), highway fuel economy cycle (HWFET), and high-speed (US06) driving cycle, respectively. During the tested driving cycles, the simulation result indicates the battery degradation reduced by 30% more than the battery solely scenario, which proves the benefit of the proposed system.

scholarly journals Optimal Component Sizing for Peak Shaving in Battery Energy Storage System for Industrial Applications

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Martins ◽  
Holger Hesse ◽  
Johanna Jungbauer ◽  
Thomas Vorbuchner ◽  
Petr Musilek
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Battery Energy Storage System ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Battery Energy Storage ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Power Capability

Recent attention to industrial peak shaving applications sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage. Batteries provide a fast and high power capability, making them an ideal solution for this task. This work proposes a general framework for sizing of battery energy storage system (BESS) in peak shaving applications. A cost-optimal sizing of the battery and power electronics is derived using linear programming based on local demand and billing scheme. A case study conducted with real-world industrial profiles shows the applicability of the approach as well as the return on investment dependence on the load profile. At the same time, the power flow optimization reveals the best storage operation patterns considering a trade-off between energy purchase, peak-power tariff, and battery aging. This underlines the need for a general mathematical optimization approach to efficiently tackle the challenge of peak shaving using an energy storage system. The case study also compares the applicability of yearly and monthly billing schemes, where the highest load of the year/month is the base for the price per kW. The results demonstrate that batteries in peak shaving applications can shorten the payback period when used for large industrial loads. They also show the impacts of peak shaving variation on the return of investment and battery aging of the system.

scholarly journals Design of Multi-Input Bidirectional DC to DC Converter for Electric Vehicles with Regeneration Capability

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3968-3970
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Brushless Dc ◽  
Power Pulse ◽  
Dc Bus ◽  
Regeneration Capability

A multi-input bidirectional dc to dc converter which can be implemented for electric vehicles is discussed in this paper. The importance of the converter depends on the phenomenon of backing up of regenerated power during braking. Three energy storage systems feed a common DC bus that interfaces the bidirectional DC/DC converter. Lack of energy supply to the electric vehicles due to less charging stations can be overcome by proposed converter. Any one of the energy storage system will be active throughout the operation of the vehicle and that the DC bus is continuously fed by a constant DC power. Pulse width modulation scheme is used to convert the available supply in the battery toe appropriate supply of the DC bus. The converter is tested by connecting a brushless DC motor to the output and the performance is analyzed with three modes of power transfer. The converter is designed in MATLAB/SIMULINK tool and the performance characteristics are discussed.

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