scholarly journals MINORITY THREAT AND POLICE STRENGTH FROM 1980 TO 2000: A FIXED-EFFECTS ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS IN LARGE U.S. CITIES

Criminology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID JACOBS
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Minority Threat ◽  
Police Strength

Interactive Effects of Secondary Macronutrients and Micronutrients on the Grain Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiencies of Maize in the Guinea Savannas of Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Ibrahim Garba ◽  
Jibrin Mohammed Jibrin ◽  
Alpha Yaya Kamara ◽  
Adnan Aminu Adnan ◽  
Bassam Lawan Abdulrahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Use Efficiency

To close the nutrient-related yield gaps in maize, balanced nutrition using primary and secondary macronutrients as well as micronutrients is recommended. Multi-nutrient diagnostic field trials were conducted in Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to assess the interactive effects of macronutrients and micronutrients on maize grain yields, nutrient uptake as well as N, P and K use efficiencies. The treatments consisted of a control (zero fertilizer applied), an NPK treatment and 10 other treatments in which macronutrient (Mg, S) and/or micronutrients (B, and Zn) were added to the NPK. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. Data collected were subjected to mixed model with nutrient management strategy as fixed effects while replication nested in location and interaction between location and nutrient management strategy as random effects. The results revealed significant effects (P < 0.05) of nutrient management strategy on maize yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies of N, P and K. The study revealed that yield advantage over the recommended NPK fertilizer as a result of application macronutrients and micronutrients were highest with Mg in Lere (2.4 t ha−1), S + B + Zn in Faskari (2.8 t ha−1), S + B in Doguwa (1.5 t ha−1) and S + Zn in Toro (2.4 t ha−1).  Addition of Mg, S and B significantly increases macronutrient uptakes over the recommended NPK only. Agronomic use efficiency, internal utilization efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency and partial factor productivity were significantly increased with the addition of S, Mg, and B but were not improved with Zn application. It was concluded that nutrient limitations to maize in the Guinea Savanna go beyond N, P and K. This study recommends that S, Mg, and B are needed to improve maize productivity and engender improve the use efficiency of NPK fertilizers.

scholarly journals Valid statistical approaches for clustered data: A Monte Carlo simulation study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. McLaurin ◽  
Amanda J. Fairchild ◽  
Dexin Shi ◽  
Rosemarie M. Booze ◽  
Charles F. Mactutus
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Multilevel Data ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Culture Dish ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study

AbstractThe translation of preclinical studies to human applications is associated with a high failure rate, which may be exacerbated by limited training in experimental design and statistical analysis. Nested experimental designs, which occur when data have a multilevel structure (e.g., in vitro: cells within a culture dish; in vivo: rats within a litter), often violate the independent observation assumption underlying many traditional statistical techniques. Although previous studies have empirically evaluated the analytic challenges associated with multilevel data, existing work has not focused on key parameters and design components typically observed in preclinical research. To address this knowledge gap, a Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to systematically assess the effects of inappropriately modeling multilevel data via a fixed effects ANOVA in studies with sparse observations, no between group comparison within a single cluster, and interactive effects. Simulation results revealed a dramatic increase in the probability of type 1 error and relative bias of the standard error as the number of level-1 (e.g., cells; rats) units per cell increased in the fixed effects ANOVA; these effects were largely attenuated when the nesting was appropriately accounted for via a random effects ANOVA. Thus, failure to account for a nested experimental design may lead to reproducibility challenges and inaccurate conclusions. Appropriately accounting for multilevel data, however, may enhance statistical reliability, thereby leading to improvements in translatability. Valid analytic strategies are provided for a variety of design scenarios.

scholarly journals Race, Politics, and Public Safety: A Panel Study of U.S. Highway Patrol and State Police Strength, 1981-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad A. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
State Police ◽  
Highway Patrol ◽  
Police Strength

This study assesses the social, political, economic, and traffic-/travel-related predictors of sworn highway patrol and state police strength in the United States between 1981 and 2015. Fixed-effects estimates based on analyses of 1,635 state-years indicate that theoretical accounts centered on racial threat theory, partisan politics, and gendered politics in part explain variation in this outcome. Findings suggest that changes in population density, the tax base, the percentage of the population without a high school degree, violent crime rates, and spending on social welfare at the state level, as well as shifts in local law enforcement strength, also influence state police and patrol organization strength over this period. Surprisingly, fluctuations in the number of state traffic fatalities per million vehicle miles traveled and the number of driver’s licenses per 100,000 state population—two seemingly important traffic-/travel-related factors—have no impact on the rate of state police and patrol officers per 100,000 population. 

How increased foreign competition motivates domestic firms to do good: an examination of foreign entry mode and domestic CSR response

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Soo Woo ◽  
John Berns ◽  
Kaushik Mukherjee ◽  
Jisun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Entry Mode ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Industry Concentration ◽  
Domestic Firm ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domestic Firms ◽  
Foreign Entry

PurposeWe examine whether domestic firms react differently to foreign direct investment (FDI) entry modes –mergers and acquisitions (M&A) versus greenfield. Specifically, we ascertain whether the entry mode of foreign competition motivates different corporate social responsibility (CSR) responses from domestic firms and when such relationships hold.Design/methodology/approachWe employ fixed-effects models using 1,331 US firm-year observations for 2015–2018. Furthermore, we examine the interactive effects of industry concentration to examine a key boundary condition.FindingsForeign entry via greenfield mode has no effect on domestic firm CSR. Entry through M&A has a significantly positive effect. We attribute these findings to the increased threat to domestic firms from foreign M&A whereas foreign entry through greenfield mode is less threatening as entrants face significantly more challenges in host countries. We identify industry concentration as a boundary condition of our findings. The effect of foreign M&A entries on domestic firms' CSR becomes weaker as industries are more concentrated.Originality/valueThis study offers novel insights on FDI by parsing out different reactions to entry mode by domestic firms. We add to our understanding of CSR as a mechanism to stave off foreign competition, offer insights into a key boundary condition of such actions and demonstrate the robustness of our findings.

Drug Courts and Arrest for Substance Possession: Was the African American Community Differentially Impacted?

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-374
Author(s):  
David R. Lilley ◽  
Kristen DeVall ◽  
Kasey Tucker-Gail
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Drug Court ◽  
Therapeutic Jurisprudence ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Minority Threat ◽  
Problem Solving Courts ◽  
Drug Arrests

Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a recent study found evidence that drug courts were associated with increased (rather than decreased) arrests for minor misdemeanor drug offenses. The author of that study noted that findings raised further questions about whether the increased drug arrests should be interpreted as beneficial or harmful and whether they might have had a differential impact on minority residents. This study incorporated race-specific arrest information to partially answer these questions by utilizing a series of fixed-effects regressions among U.S. cities with populations over 50,000 from 1990 to 2006. Findings indicate that drug court implementation was associated with substantial increases in arrests of Black, but not White residents. Ethical and theoretical implications for therapeutic jurisprudence, problem-solving courts, and the minority threat perspective are discussed.

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