Wetlands have been degrading and reducing under the influences of human activity and climate change. Landsat long-term observations can help us better track the changing evidences of wetland habitats that would be valuable for guiding the restoration and conservation of wetland. In this study, we demonstrated the results of tracking the changing evidence of wetland habitats using Landsat observations from 1984 to 2017 through the case study of Baiyangdian wetland in China. We extracted the open water and classified the wetland habitats using collected 190 scenes from Landsat observations. As a result, we found that the yearly variations of wetland present phasic changes in three phases: 1988–1998, 1999–2011 and 2013–2017. The landscape of wetland habitats presented during 1989–1999 mostly show us the natural spatial pattern with less human disturbance traces compared to that during 2013–2017. The water environment, moreover, changed for the better after the 2010s, which indicated the encouraging effects of the environmental restoration project implemented from the year 2010. The current landscapes of wetland habitats, however, present lots of linear belts that are blocking the water cycles and ecological channels of aquatic plants and animals in the wetland. The areas in the northwestern wing and around the northeastern edge of the wetland are changing to be drier due to cropping activities and are at risk of wetland loss. These historical changing evidences could be a guideline for planning and designing restoration for the wetland.
Variation of groundwater quality in the poultry farming using cluster and multivariate factor analysis: a case study from middle atlas area, Morocco
