ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO TYPE 1 ORAL POLIO VACCINE

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

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Excretion of Wild-Type and Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in the Feces of Poliovirus Receptor-Transgenic Mice

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.77.11.6541-6545.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 77 (11) ◽

pp. 6541-6545 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hein J. Boot ◽

Daniella T. J. Kasteel ◽

Anne-Marie Buisman ◽

Tjeerd G. Kimman

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Mice ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Fecal Excretion ◽

Wild Type ◽

Genetic Determinants ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Oral Transmission ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Poliovirus Receptor

ABSTRACT The emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains in suboptimally vaccinated populations is a serious threat to the global poliovirus eradication. The genetic determinants for the transmissibility phenotype of polioviruses, and in particularly of cVDPV strains, are currently unknown. Here we describe the fecal excretion of wild-type poliovirus, oral polio vaccine, and cVDPV (Hispaniola) strains after intraperitoneal injection in poliovirus receptor-transgenic mice. Both the pattern and the level of fecal excretion of the cVDPV strains resemble those of wild-type poliovirus type 1. In contrast, very little poliovirus was present in the feces after oral polio vaccine administration. This mouse model will be helpful in elucidating the genetic determinants for the high fecal-oral transmission phenotype of cVDPV strains.

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Advax-CpG Adjuvant Provides Antigen Dose-Sparing and Enhanced Immunogenicity for Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccines

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 500

Author(s):

Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo ◽

Jeremy Baldwin ◽

Nikolai Petrovsky

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Antigen Dose ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Dose Sparing ◽

Sparing Effect ◽

Eradicate Polio

Global immunization campaigns have resulted in a major decline in the global incidence of polio cases, with wild-type poliovirus remaining endemic in only two countries. Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) played a role in the reduction in polio case numbers; however, the risk of OPV developing into circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus makes it unsuitable for eradication programs. Trivalent inactivated polio virus (TIPV) vaccines which contain formalin-inactivated antigens produced from virulent types 1, 2 and 3 reference polio strains grown in Vero monkey kidney cells have been advocated as a replacement for OPV; however, TIPVs have weak immunogenicity and multiple boosts are required before peak neutralizing titers are reached. This study examined whether the incorporation of the novel polysaccharide adjuvant, Advax-CpG, could boost the immunogenicity of two TIPV vaccines, (i) a commercially available polio vaccine (IPOL®, Sanofi Pasteur) and (ii) a new TIPV formulation developed by Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Mice were immunized intramuscularly based on recommended vaccine dosage schedules and serum antibody titers were followed for 12 months post-immunization. Advax-CpG significantly enhanced the long-term immunogenicity of both TIPV vaccines and had at least a 10-fold antigen dose-sparing effect. An exception was the poor ability of the SSI TIPV to induce serotype type 1 neutralizing antibodies. Immunization with monovalent IPVs suggested that the low type 1 response to TIPV may be due to antigen competition when the type 1 antigen was co-formulated with the type 2 and 3 antigens. This study provides valuable insights into the complexity of the formulation of multivalent polio vaccines and supports the further development of adjuvanted antigen-sparing TIPV vaccines in the fight to eradicate polio.

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Immunogenicity of Oral Polio Vaccine and Salk Inactive Polio Vaccine Against Xinjiang Imported Type 1 Wild Poliovirus

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz549 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (9) ◽

pp. 1980-1984 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dongmei Yan ◽

Dongyan Wang ◽

Shuangli Zhu ◽

Yong Zhang ◽

Xiaolei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Genomic Sequencing ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Local Immunity ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Antibody Titers

Abstract Background An outbreak of an imported Type 1 wild poliovirus from Pakistan occurred in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 2011, although the local immunity status of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was relatively satisfied. Methods Neutralizing antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain and Sabin 1 strain were measured in 237 sera from 3 groups of fully OPV-vaccinated persons and 1 group of infants fully vaccinated with the inactive polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally, 17 sera collected from 1 Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his 16 contacts were also tested. Genomic sequencing was conducted the Xinjiang strain. Results The antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain in each of 237 sera were significantly lower than those against the Sabin 1 strain. Notably, 40.0% of children in Group 1 were seronegative against the Xinjiang strain, which indicated that they might play an important role in wild poliovirus transmission, although their antibody titers against the Sabin 1 strain varied between 1:8 and 1:512. Meanwhile, serological results of the Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his contacts also provided evidence that a proportion of OPV-vaccinated children had indeed been involved in the transmission chain of the Xinjiang outbreak. Genomic sequencing indicated that the Xinjiang strain was greatly distinguishable from the Sabin 1 strain in neutralizing antigenic sites. Conclusion The lack of neutralizing antibodies against the Xinjiang strain in persons vaccinated by OPV may be associated with the transmission of Type 1 wild poliovirus in Xinjiang. Using Salk IPV along with OPV might be considered in a wild poliovirus outbreak response, especially in the countries which continued to have persistent wild poliovirus circulation.

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Intestinal antibody responses to a live oral poliovirus vaccine challenge among adults previously immunized with inactivated polio vaccine in Sweden

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001613 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. e001613 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth B Brickley ◽

Ruth I Connor ◽

Wendy F Wieland-Alter ◽

Marc S Collett ◽

Marianne Hartford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Limit Of Detection ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Vaccine Type

BackgroundOur understanding of the acquisition of intestinal mucosal immunity and the control of poliovirus replication and transmission in later life is still emerging.MethodsAs part of a 2011 randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the experimental antiviral agent pocapavir (EudraCT 2011-004804-38), Swedish adults, aged 18–50 years, who had previously received four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in childhood were challenged with a single dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 1 (mOPV1). Using faecal samples collected before and serially, over the course of 45 days, after mOPV1 challenge from a subset of placebo-arm participants who did not receive pocapavir (N=12), we investigated the kinetics of the intestinal antibody response to challenge virus by measuring poliovirus type 1-specific neutralising activity and IgA concentrations.ResultsIn faecal samples collected prior to mOPV1 challenge, we found no evidence of pre-existing intestinal neutralising antibodies to any of the three poliovirus serotypes. Despite persistent high-titered vaccine virus shedding and rising serum neutralisation responses after mOPV1 challenge, intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation remained low with a titer of ≤18.4 across all time points and individuals. Poliovirus types 1-specific, 2-specific and 3-specific IgA remained below the limit of detection for all specimens collected postchallenge.InterpretationIn contrast to recent studies demonstrating brisk intestinal antibody responses to oral polio vaccine challenge in young children previously vaccinated with IPV, this investigation finds that adults previously vaccinated with IPV have only modest intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation and no IgA responses that are measurable in stool samples following documented mOPV1 infection.

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Antibody Response of Children Receiving Multiple Doses of Oral Polio Vaccine in Disease Free Area of India

Asian Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.3923/aje.2010.75.83 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 75-83

Author(s):

A.S. Moghe ◽

S.G. Gangal ◽

S.H. Palkar ◽

S.N. Jaiswal

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Multiple Doses ◽

Disease Free ◽

Free Area

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Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268816002569 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 145 (3) ◽

pp. 413-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. L. LOPALCO

Keyword(s):

Wild Strain ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Schedule ◽

Long Time ◽

High Level ◽

Type 3

SUMMARYPolio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. Poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to November 2012. Poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between January and September 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in Afghanistan, 14 in Pakistan, three in Nigeria). The use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. However, paradoxically, moving towards global polio eradication, the burden caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) becomes increasingly important. In this paper circulation of both wild virus and VDPVs is reviewed and implications for the polio eradication endgame are discussed. Between April and May 2016 OPV2 cessation has been implemented globally, in a coordinated switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. In order to decrease the risk for cVDPV2 re-emergence inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been introduced in the routine vaccine schedule of all countries. The likelihood of re-emergence of cVDPVs should markedly decrease with time after OPV cessation, but silent circulation of polioviruses cannot be ruled out even a long time after cessation. For this reason, immunity levels against polioviruses should be kept as high as possible in the population by the use of IPV, and both clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained at a high level.

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