scholarly journals Excretion of Wild-Type and Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in the Feces of Poliovirus Receptor-Transgenic Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 6541-6545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hein J. Boot ◽  
Daniella T. J. Kasteel ◽  
Anne-Marie Buisman ◽  
Tjeerd G. Kimman
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Poliovirus Receptor

ABSTRACT The emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains in suboptimally vaccinated populations is a serious threat to the global poliovirus eradication. The genetic determinants for the transmissibility phenotype of polioviruses, and in particularly of cVDPV strains, are currently unknown. Here we describe the fecal excretion of wild-type poliovirus, oral polio vaccine, and cVDPV (Hispaniola) strains after intraperitoneal injection in poliovirus receptor-transgenic mice. Both the pattern and the level of fecal excretion of the cVDPV strains resemble those of wild-type poliovirus type 1. In contrast, very little poliovirus was present in the feces after oral polio vaccine administration. This mouse model will be helpful in elucidating the genetic determinants for the high fecal-oral transmission phenotype of cVDPV strains.

scholarly journals Intestinal antibody responses to a live oral poliovirus vaccine challenge among adults previously immunized with inactivated polio vaccine in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e001613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Brickley ◽  
Ruth I Connor ◽  
Wendy F Wieland-Alter ◽  
Marc S Collett ◽  
Marianne Hartford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Vaccine Type

BackgroundOur understanding of the acquisition of intestinal mucosal immunity and the control of poliovirus replication and transmission in later life is still emerging.MethodsAs part of a 2011 randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the experimental antiviral agent pocapavir (EudraCT 2011-004804-38), Swedish adults, aged 18–50 years, who had previously received four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in childhood were challenged with a single dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 1 (mOPV1). Using faecal samples collected before and serially, over the course of 45 days, after mOPV1 challenge from a subset of placebo-arm participants who did not receive pocapavir (N=12), we investigated the kinetics of the intestinal antibody response to challenge virus by measuring poliovirus type 1-specific neutralising activity and IgA concentrations.ResultsIn faecal samples collected prior to mOPV1 challenge, we found no evidence of pre-existing intestinal neutralising antibodies to any of the three poliovirus serotypes. Despite persistent high-titered vaccine virus shedding and rising serum neutralisation responses after mOPV1 challenge, intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation remained low with a titer of ≤18.4 across all time points and individuals. Poliovirus types 1-specific, 2-specific and 3-specific IgA remained below the limit of detection for all specimens collected postchallenge.InterpretationIn contrast to recent studies demonstrating brisk intestinal antibody responses to oral polio vaccine challenge in young children previously vaccinated with IPV, this investigation finds that adults previously vaccinated with IPV have only modest intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation and no IgA responses that are measurable in stool samples following documented mOPV1 infection.

scholarly journals Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. LOPALCO
Keyword(s):  
Wild Strain ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Schedule ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Type 3

SUMMARYPolio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. Poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to November 2012. Poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between January and September 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in Afghanistan, 14 in Pakistan, three in Nigeria). The use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. However, paradoxically, moving towards global polio eradication, the burden caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) becomes increasingly important. In this paper circulation of both wild virus and VDPVs is reviewed and implications for the polio eradication endgame are discussed. Between April and May 2016 OPV2 cessation has been implemented globally, in a coordinated switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. In order to decrease the risk for cVDPV2 re-emergence inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been introduced in the routine vaccine schedule of all countries. The likelihood of re-emergence of cVDPVs should markedly decrease with time after OPV cessation, but silent circulation of polioviruses cannot be ruled out even a long time after cessation. For this reason, immunity levels against polioviruses should be kept as high as possible in the population by the use of IPV, and both clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained at a high level.

scholarly journals Sabin Vaccine Reversion in the Field: a Comprehensive Analysis of Sabin-Like Poliovirus Isolates in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Famulare ◽  
Stewart Chang ◽  
Jane Iber ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
Johnson A. Adeniji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Substitution Rates ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACTTo assess the dynamics of genetic reversion of live poliovirus vaccine in humans, we studied molecular evolution in Sabin-like poliovirus isolates from Nigerian acute flaccid paralysis cases obtained from routine surveillance. We employed a novel modeling approach to infer substitution and recombination rates from whole-genome sequences and information about poliovirus infection dynamics and the individual vaccination history. We confirmed observations from a recent vaccine trial that VP1 substitution rates are increased for Sabin-like isolates relative to the rate for the wild type due to increased nonsynonymous substitution rates. We also inferred substitution rates for attenuating nucleotides and confirmed that reversion can occur in days to weeks after vaccination. We combine our observations for Sabin-like virus evolution with the molecular clock for VP1 of circulating wild-type strains to infer that the mean time from the initiating vaccine dose to the earliest detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is 300 days for Sabin-like virus type 1, 210 days for Sabin-like virus type 2, and 390 days for Sabin-like virus type 3. Phylogenetic relationships indicated transient local transmission of Sabin-like virus type 3 and, possibly, Sabin-like virus type 1 during periods of low wild polio incidence. Comparison of Sabin-like virus recombinants with known Nigerian vaccine-derived poliovirus recombinants shows that while recombination with non-Sabin enteroviruses is associated with cVDPV, the recombination rates are similar for Sabin isolate-Sabin isolate and Sabin isolate–non-Sabin enterovirus recombination after accounting for the time from dosing to the time of detection. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary dynamics of the oral polio vaccine in the field.IMPORTANCEThe global polio eradication effort has completed its 26th year. Despite success in eliminating wild poliovirus from most of the world, polio persists in populations where logistical, social, and political factors have not allowed vaccination programs of sustained high quality. One issue of critical importance is eliminating circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) that have properties indistinguishable from those of wild poliovirus and can cause paralytic disease. cVDPV emerges due to the genetic instability of the Sabin viruses used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in populations that have low levels of immunity to poliovirus. However, the dynamics responsible are incompletely understood because it has historically been difficult to gather and interpret data about evolution of the Sabin viruses used in OPV in regions where cVDPV has occurred. This study is the first to combine whole-genome sequencing of poliovirus isolates collected during routine surveillance with knowledge about the intrahost dynamics of poliovirus to provide quantitative insight into polio vaccine evolution in the field.

scholarly journals Inferring Numbers of Wild Poliovirus Excretors Using Quantitative Environmental Surveillance

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Yuri Perepliotchikov ◽  
Tomer Ziv-Baran ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
Yossi Manor ◽  
Danit Sofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

scholarly journals Advax-CpG Adjuvant Provides Antigen Dose-Sparing and Enhanced Immunogenicity for Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccines

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo ◽  
Jeremy Baldwin ◽  
Nikolai Petrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Dose ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Dose Sparing ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Eradicate Polio

Global immunization campaigns have resulted in a major decline in the global incidence of polio cases, with wild-type poliovirus remaining endemic in only two countries. Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) played a role in the reduction in polio case numbers; however, the risk of OPV developing into circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus makes it unsuitable for eradication programs. Trivalent inactivated polio virus (TIPV) vaccines which contain formalin-inactivated antigens produced from virulent types 1, 2 and 3 reference polio strains grown in Vero monkey kidney cells have been advocated as a replacement for OPV; however, TIPVs have weak immunogenicity and multiple boosts are required before peak neutralizing titers are reached. This study examined whether the incorporation of the novel polysaccharide adjuvant, Advax-CpG, could boost the immunogenicity of two TIPV vaccines, (i) a commercially available polio vaccine (IPOL®, Sanofi Pasteur) and (ii) a new TIPV formulation developed by Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Mice were immunized intramuscularly based on recommended vaccine dosage schedules and serum antibody titers were followed for 12 months post-immunization. Advax-CpG significantly enhanced the long-term immunogenicity of both TIPV vaccines and had at least a 10-fold antigen dose-sparing effect. An exception was the poor ability of the SSI TIPV to induce serotype type 1 neutralizing antibodies. Immunization with monovalent IPVs suggested that the low type 1 response to TIPV may be due to antigen competition when the type 1 antigen was co-formulated with the type 2 and 3 antigens. This study provides valuable insights into the complexity of the formulation of multivalent polio vaccines and supports the further development of adjuvanted antigen-sparing TIPV vaccines in the fight to eradicate polio.

Comparison of neuropathogenicity of poliovirus type 3 in transgenic mice bearing the poliovirus receptor gene and cynomolgus monkeys

Vaccine ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 3201-3208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyo Nagata ◽  
Takuya Iwasaki ◽  
Yasushi Ami ◽  
Ayako Harashima ◽  
Ikuyoshi Hatano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Poliovirus Receptor ◽  
Type 3

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Oral Polio Vaccine and Salk Inactive Polio Vaccine Against Xinjiang Imported Type 1 Wild Poliovirus

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1980-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Yan ◽  
Dongyan Wang ◽  
Shuangli Zhu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Xiaolei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers

Abstract Background An outbreak of an imported Type 1 wild poliovirus from Pakistan occurred in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 2011, although the local immunity status of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was relatively satisfied. Methods Neutralizing antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain and Sabin 1 strain were measured in 237 sera from 3 groups of fully OPV-vaccinated persons and 1 group of infants fully vaccinated with the inactive polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally, 17 sera collected from 1 Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his 16 contacts were also tested. Genomic sequencing was conducted the Xinjiang strain. Results The antibody titers against the Xinjiang strain in each of 237 sera were significantly lower than those against the Sabin 1 strain. Notably, 40.0% of children in Group 1 were seronegative against the Xinjiang strain, which indicated that they might play an important role in wild poliovirus transmission, although their antibody titers against the Sabin 1 strain varied between 1:8 and 1:512. Meanwhile, serological results of the Xinjiang poliomyelitis case and his contacts also provided evidence that a proportion of OPV-vaccinated children had indeed been involved in the transmission chain of the Xinjiang outbreak. Genomic sequencing indicated that the Xinjiang strain was greatly distinguishable from the Sabin 1 strain in neutralizing antigenic sites. Conclusion The lack of neutralizing antibodies against the Xinjiang strain in persons vaccinated by OPV may be associated with the transmission of Type 1 wild poliovirus in Xinjiang. Using Salk IPV along with OPV might be considered in a wild poliovirus outbreak response, especially in the countries which continued to have persistent wild poliovirus circulation.

scholarly journals Hematopoietic Cancer Cell Lines Can Support Replication of Sabin Poliovirus Type 1

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinja Oosterhoff ◽  
Gerard van de Weerd ◽  
Gerco van Eikenhorst ◽  
Tanja D. de Gruijl ◽  
Leo A. van der Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
U937 Cell ◽  
Suspension Cells ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Poliovirus Receptor ◽  
Bioreactor System ◽  
Hematopoietic Cancer ◽  
Kg1 Cells ◽  
Viral Titers

Viral vaccines can be produced in adherent or in suspension cells. The objective of this work was to screen human suspension cell lines for the capacity to support viral replication. As the first step, it was investigated whether poliovirus can replicate in such cell lines. Sabin poliovirus type 1 was serially passaged on five human cell lines, HL60, K562, KG1, THP-1, and U937. Sabin type 1 was capable of efficiently replicating in three cell lines (K562, KG1, and U937), yielding high viral titers after replication. Expression of CD155, the poliovirus receptor, did not explain susceptibility to replication, since all cell lines expressed CD155. Furthermore, we showed that passaged virus replicated more efficiently than parental virus in KG1 cells, yielding higher virus titers in the supernatant early after infection. Infection of cell lines at an MOI of 0.01 resulted in high viral titers in the supernatant at day 4. Infection of K562 with passaged Sabin type 1 in a bioreactor system yielded high viral titers in the supernatant. Altogether, these data suggest that K562, KG1, and U937 cell lines are useful for propagation of poliovirus.

ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO TYPE 1 ORAL POLIO VACCINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGER PETERSEN ◽  
HERDIS VON MAGNUS
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine
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