fecal excretion
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Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Il-Je Cho ◽  
Sung-Eon Kim ◽  
Beom-Rak Choi ◽  
Hye-Rim Park ◽  
Jeong-Eun Park ◽  
...  

Lemon balm and corn silk are valuable medicinal herbs, which exhibit variety of beneficial effects for human health. The present study explored the anti-obesity effects of a mixture of lemon balm and corn silk extracts (M-LB/CS) by comparison with the effects of single herbal extracts in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. HFD supplementation for 84 days increased the body weight, the fat mass density, the mean diameter of adipocytes, and the thickness of fat pads. However, oral administration of M-LB/CS significantly alleviated the HFD-mediated weight gain and adipocyte hypertrophy without affecting food consumption. Of the various combination ratios of M-LB/CS tested, the magnitude of the decreases in weight gain and adipocyte hypertrophy by administration of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 4:1 (w/w) M-LB/CS was more potent than that by single herbal extracts alone. In addition, M-LB/CS reduced the HFD-mediated increases in serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein, prevented the reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein, and facilitated fecal excretion of cholesterol and triglyceride. Moreover, M-LB/CS mitigated the abnormal changes in specific mRNAs associated with lipogenesis and lipolysis in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, M-LB/CS reduced lipid peroxidation by inhibiting the HFD-mediated reduction in glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Therefore, M-LB/CS is a promising herbal mixture for preventing obesity.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3350
Author(s):  
Annamaria Pratelli ◽  
Maria Stella Lucente ◽  
Marco Cordisco ◽  
Stefano Ciccarelli ◽  
Roberta Di Fonte ◽  
...  

The evolution of a bovine coronavirus (BCoV) natural infection in a calf persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was described. The infected calf developed intermittent nasal discharge, diarrhea and hyperthermia. The total number of leukocytes/mL and the absolute differential number of neutrophils and lymphocytes resulted within the normal range, but monocytes increased at T28 (time 28 post-infection). Flow-cytometry analysis evidenced that the CD8+ subpopulation increased at T7 and between T28 and T35. BCoV shedding in nasal discharges and feces was detected up to three weeks post infection and high antibody titers persisted up to T56. The RNA BCoV load increased until T14, contrary to what was observed in a previous study where the fecal excretion of BCoV was significantly lower in the co-infected (BCoV/BVDV) calves than in the calves infected with BCoV only. We can suppose that BVDV may have modulated the BCoV infection exacerbating the long viral excretion, as well as favoring the onset of mutations in the genome of BCoV detected in fecal samples at T21. An extensive study was performed to verify if the selective pressure in the S gene could be a natural mode of variation of BCoV, providing data for the identification of new epidemic strains, genotypes or recombinant betacoronaviruses.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Andrade Sande da Silva ◽  
Stefanie Alvarenga Santos ◽  
Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
Laudi Cunha Leite ◽  
Douglas dos Santos Pina ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Voon Ong ◽  
Sarah Wills ◽  
Deborah Watson ◽  
Taylor Sandison ◽  
Shawn Flanagan

Rezafungin is a novel echinocandin being developed for treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis and for prevention of invasive fungal disease caused by Candida , Aspergillus , and Pneumocystis spp. in recipients of blood and marrow transplantation. Studies using [ 14 C]-radiolabeled rezafungin were conducted in rats, monkeys, and humans to characterize the mass balance, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of [ 14 C]-rezafungin and to evaluate relative amounts of rezafungin metabolites compared with parent drug. Fecal excretion was the main route of elimination in rats, monkeys, and humans. Radioactivity was primarily excreted as unchanged drug, with ≥95% average total recovery in rats (through 336 hours) and monkeys (through 720 hours). In humans, cumulative recovery of radioactivity through the first 17 days was 52% (38% in feces, 14% in urine) with estimated mean overall recovery through Day 60 of 88.3% (73% in feces, 27% in urine). The clinical pharmacokinetics of rezafungin following a single 400-mg intravenous infusion (200 μCi of [ 14 C]-rezafungin) were similar in plasma, plasma total radioactivity, and whole blood total radioactivity. Unchanged rezafungin represented the majority of total radioactivity in plasma, and the partitioning of total radioactivity into red blood cells was negligible. Across species, rezafungin was primarily metabolized by hydroxylation of the terphenyl, pentyl ether side chain. In these excretion/mass balance, metabolism, and PK studies, clinical observations were consistent with findings in the rat and monkey demonstrating the minimal metabolism and slow elimination of rezafungin after intravenous administration, with fecal excretion as the major route of elimination.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Keira M Cruickshank ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Amanda M Gehman ◽  
Karen M Koenig ◽  
Eduardo S Ribeiro ◽  
...  

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine how source of selenium (Se) affects dairy cow performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 24; 597 ± 49 kg BW) were blocked by days in milk (161 ± 18) and randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of either: 1) organic Se (selenized yeast; ORG; Sel-Plex-Alltech); or, 2) inorganic Se (sodium selenite; INO) premix, top dressed and mixed into a ration daily. After an 11-week adaptation period (blood and milk sampled monthly), cows received an intraruminal dose of Se77 (either Se77 yeast or NaSe77O3) followed by a 4-day period of blood and rumen fluid sampling, and total collection of feces, urine, and milk. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS with fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction, and random effect of block. Daily DMI (23 ± 0.6 kg), milk yield (35 ± 1.2 kg), plasma glutathione peroxidase (64 ± 4.2 U), and serum Se (0.11 ± 0.003 µg/g) were not different between treatments during the adaptation period. Serum Se77 maximum concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were not different between treatments for 72 hours following infusion, but rumen fluid Se77 AUC was higher (P = 0.02) for ORG cows. Apparent absorption (64 ± 1.3%) and retention (44 ± 1.5%) of the Se77 dose did not differ between treatments. The ORG cows had lower urinary excretion (13 vs. 17 ± 0.6%; P < 0.01), higher milk excretion (6 vs. 2 ± 0.3%; P < 0.01), and similar fecal excretion (36 ± 1.3%; P = 0.9) of Se77 compared to INO cows. These results indicate that ORG Se increased Se content of milk and decreased Se excretion in urine, but did not alter performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention of Se in mid-lactation cows.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Anna K. Shoveller ◽  
Jennifer Ellis

Bile acids (BA) are produced in the liver and conjugated with glycine or taurine before being released into the small intestine to aid with lipid digestion. However, excessive BA losses through feces can occur due to several dietary factors that in turn require greater production of BA by the liver due to a reduction in BA recycling. Consequently, net utilization of taurine and/or glycine is increased. To quantify this impact, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of soluble fiber, diet composition, and species on fecal excretion of BA. After a systematic review of the literature, twelve studies met all inclusion criteria. Dietary carbohydrate, protein, fat, cellulose, cholesterol, soluble fiber and animal species were tested as independent variables. Mixed models were developed treating study as a random effect, and fixed effect variables were retained at P < 0.05 significance and where collinearity was absent between multiple X variables. A total of ten studies comprised of four species [(rat = 5), hamster (n = 1), guinea pig (n = 3) and dog (n = 1)], and 30 observations were evaluated in the final models after outlier removal. Model evaluation was based on the corrected Akaike Information Criteria, the concordance correlation coefficient and the root mean square prediction error. Three base models were developed, examining carbohydrate, protein and fat impacts separately. The best fitting models included the fixed effect of species and the interaction between soluble fiber (yes/no) and dietary carbohydrate, protein or fat (%, as-fed). Increased concentrations of dietary protein and fat resulted in greater fecal excretion of BA (P < 0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary carbohydrate led to lower excretions of BA (P < 0.05). Increased dietary soluble fiber containing ingredients resulted in greater excretion of BA in all models (P < 0.05). Rats had greater excretion of BA compared to hamsters and guinea pigs (P < 0.05) in all models, and also compared to dogs (P < 0.05) in the carbohydrate model. The findings from this meta-analysis indicate that not only soluble fiber, but also increasing levels of dietary fat and protein may result in greater fecal excretion of BA, potentially altering taurine and/or glycine metabolism and affecting the need for diet delivery of these AA.


Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1187
Author(s):  
Johanna L. Leinert ◽  
Stefan Weichert ◽  
Alexander J. Jordan ◽  
Rüdiger Adam

(1) Background: Although published recommendations are available, the use of antibiotics in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in children is still controversially debated in clinical practice. Patients might even be put at risk, with necessary antibiotic therapy being withheld due to the widespread concern of prolonged post-convalescent shedding. The authors conducted a systematic review to assess whether antibiotic treatment influences fecal excretion or the clinical course in children with NTS infection. (2) Methods: The review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. In a Medline database search, studies assessing the influence of antibiotic therapy on excretion and/or the clinical course of NTS infections were selected. Studies reporting on adults only were not considered. Out of 532 publications which were identified during the systematic literature search, 14 publications were finally included (3273 patients in total). Quality and bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) or the Cochrane risk-of bias tool (ROB-2). (3) Results: Four early studies from decades ago demonstrated a prolongation of intestinal NTS excretion in children after antibiotic treatment, whereas most studies published more recently observed no significant influence, which might be due to having used more “modern” antibiotic regimes (n = 7 studies). Most studies did not describe significant differences regarding the severity and duration of symptoms between untreated patients and those treated with antibiotics. Quality and bias were mainly moderate (NOS) or variable (ROB-2), respectively. (4) Conclusions: There is no substantial evidence of prolonged excretion of NTS in pediatric patients after treatment with newer antimicrobials. Consequently, clinicians should not withhold antibiotics in NTS infection for children at risk, such as for very young children, children with comorbidities, and those with suspected invasive disease due to concerns about prolonged post-convalescent bacterial excretion. In the majority of cases with uncomplicated NTS diarrhea, clinicians should refrain from applying antibiotics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 2507-2508
Author(s):  
Ajay Vir Singh ◽  
Rajbala Yadav ◽  
Harpreet Singh Pawar ◽  
Devendra Singh Chauhan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1858-1865
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Ruana Cardoso Lima ◽  
Sara Gemini-Piperni ◽  
Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar ◽  
Ralph Santos-Oliveira

The necessity of new drugs with special attention for the therapy of cancer is increasing each day. Despite their properties, alpha therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, especially based on the use of radium (223Ra) are good choices, due to the highest and differential cytotoxicity, low adverse effects, and higher bioaccumulation on tumor sites. The use of graphene quantum dots as the carrier for 223Ra is a promising approach since graphene quantum dots has low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and adequate size for tumor penetration. In this study, we developed, characterized, radiolabeled with 223Ra, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo graphene quantum dots radiolabeled with radium (223Ra) for bone cancer. The results showed that 223Ra is incorporated into the graphene quantum dot following the Fajans–Paneth–Hahn Law. The cell viability showed a potent effect on osteosarcoma cells (MG63 and SAOS2) but a lower effect in normal fibroblast cells (hFB), corroborating the preferential targeting. Also, the results showed a more prominent effect on MG63 than SAOS2 cells, corroborating the targeting for more undifferentiated cells. The in vivo results demonstrated a renal excretion, associated with fecal excretion and accumulation in bone. The results corroborate the efficacy of 223RaGQDs and open new perspectives for the use of use 223RaGQDs, in several other diseases.


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