Dual Routes to Cognitive Flexibility: Learning and Response-Conflict Resolution in the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1308-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ramscar ◽  
Melody Dye ◽  
Jessica W. Gustafson ◽  
Joseph Klein
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

scholarly journals Dimensional Change Card Sorting of American Children: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. p72
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
White Children ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Age Related ◽  
American Children ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Background: While age is associated with an increase in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning as a result of normal development during childhood, less is known about the effect of racial variation in children’s age-related cognitive development. The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) phenomenon suggests that, under racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, individual-level economic and non-economic resources and assets show weaker effects on children’s development for marginalized, racialized, and minoritized families. Aim: We conducted this study to compare racial groups of children for age-related changes in their card sorting abilities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,414 9-10-year-old American children. Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, a continuous variable measured in months. The dependent variable was Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) score, which reflected cognitive flexibility, and was measured by the NIH Dimensional Change Card Sort. Ethnicity, sex, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. Results: Older age was associated with higher DCCS score, reflecting a higher card-sorting ability and cognitive flexibility. However, age showed a weaker association with DCCS for Black than for White children. This was documented by a significantly negative interaction between race and age on children’s DCCS scores. Conclusion: Age shows a weaker correlation with the cognitive flexibility of Black than of White children. A similar pattern can be seen when comparing low-income with high-income children. Conceptualizing race as a social factor that alters normal childhood development is a finding that is in line with MDRs. Marginalization due to social stratification and racism interfere with the normal age-related cognitive development of American children.

scholarly journals Not Quite as Grown-Up as We Like to Think

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Diamond ◽  
Natasha Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Sensitive Measure ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Greater continuity in cognition between children and adults may exist than is usually appreciated. It was thought that after 3 to 4 years of age, the problem in switching on the dimensional-change card-sort task disappears. We show here, however, that if speed is used as the dependent measure, the effect of the first dimension is evident even in adults. Adults, like preschoolers, show difficulty in switching from a block of sorting by color or shape to a block of sorting by the other dimension. Notably, performance throughout the session was affected by the first dimension by which stimuli were sorted. We hypothesize that perhaps adults never fully outgrow any of the cognitive and perceptual biases of infancy and early childhood. Other examples of such biases that appear to still be present in adults are discussed. Conversely, the assumption that the optimal dependent measure for adults is the most sensitive measure for children is questioned.

Appendix: Summary of Versions of the Dimensional Change Card Sort Used

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
Philip David Zelazo ◽  
Ulrich Muller ◽  
Douglas Frye ◽  
Stuart Marcovitch
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

scholarly journals Emotion understanding in preschool children

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Costa Martins ◽  
Ana Osório ◽  
Manuela Veríssimo ◽  
Carla Martins
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Emotion Understanding ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Peabody Picture Vocabulary ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
R Language ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

This investigation was aimed at studying the relations between executive functions (EFs) and categorical emotion understanding while controlling for preschoolers’ IQ, language ability and theory of mind (ToM). Specifically, we wanted to analyse the association between emotion understanding and set shifting, due to the lack of studies with this EF. Data of 75 children aged 4½ years (52% boys) was collected in two laboratory visits. Emotion understanding was assessed using the Emotion Recognition Questionnaire, inhibitory control using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and set shifting using a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. IQ was evaluated using the WPPSI-R, language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised; and ToM using six standardized tasks. Set shifting, but not inhibitory control, predicted emotion understanding, over and above mothers’ age, and children’s IQ, language ability, and ToM. Mothers’ age and children’s language ability were also significant predictors in the final regression model. Results suggest that the capacity to shift mental sets is linked with inter-individual differences in children’s understanding of situational causes of emotion. Therefore studying EFs as correlates of emotion understanding is an important focus of future research.

scholarly journals Tablet Use Affects Preschoolers’ Executive Function: fNIRS Evidence from the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Dandan Wu ◽  
Jinfeng Yang ◽  
Jiutong Luo ◽  
Sha Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Heavy User ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

This study aims to examine the impact of tablet use on preschoolers’ executive function during the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task (DCCS) task using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Altogether 38 Chinese preschoolers (Mage = 5.0 years, SD = 0.69 years, 17 girls) completed the tasks before the COVID-19 lockdown. Eight children never used tablets, while 16 children were diagnosed as the ‘heavy-user'. The results indicated that: (1) the 'Non-user' outperformed the 'Heavy-user' with a significantly higher correct rate in the DCCS task; (2) the two groups differed significantly in the activation of the prefrontal cortex (BA 9): the 'Non-user' pattern is normal and healthy, whereas the 'Heavy-user' pattern is not normal and needs further exploration.

Performance on the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) in Children with Intellectual Disability

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Brah ◽  
Amanda L. Mozina ◽  
Frank J. Gallo ◽  
Kristin D Phillips ◽  
Bonnie P. Klein-Tasman
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort ◽  
Children With Intellectual Disability

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip David Zelazo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Dimensional Change Card Sort--Italian Version

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Traverso ◽  
Valentina De Franchis
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort
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