scholarly journals Monetary reinforcement for self‐monitoring of blood glucose among young people with type 1 diabetes: evaluating effects on psychosocial functioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-673
Author(s):  
J. J. Wong ◽  
A. Addala ◽  
D. Naranjo ◽  
K. K. Hood ◽  
E. Cengiz ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 15 ◽  
pp. 2809-2819
Author(s):  
Wencong Lv ◽  
Jiaxin Luo ◽  
Qing Long ◽  
Jundi Yang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
...  


2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Boettcher ◽  
Axel Dost ◽  
Stefan A. Wudy ◽  
Marion Flechtner-Mors ◽  
Martin Borkenstein ◽  
...  


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Warnick ◽  
Sarah C. Westen ◽  
Anastasia Albanese-O’Neill ◽  
Stephanie L. Filipp ◽  
Desmond Schatz ◽  
...  


Diabetes Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2411-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Roze ◽  
John Isitt ◽  
Jayne Smith-Palmer ◽  
Mehdi Javanbakht ◽  
Peter Lynch


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Moström ◽  
Elsa Ahlén ◽  
Henrik Imberg ◽  
Per-Olof Hansson ◽  
Marcus Lind


2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Hansen ◽  
U. Pedersen-Bjergaard ◽  
S.R. Heller ◽  
T.M. Wallace ◽  
Å.K. Rasmussen ◽  
...  


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilan Seyed Ahmadi ◽  
Klara Westman ◽  
Aldina Pivodic ◽  
Arndís F Ólafsdóttir ◽  
Sofia Dahlqvist ◽  
...  

<b><i>Objective: </i></b>According to recent guidelines, individuals with type 1 diabetes should spend less than 4.0% per day with glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL) and less than 1.0% per day <3.0 mmol/L (<54 mg/dL). <p><b><i><br> Research methods: </i></b>In the GOLD randomised cross-over trial, 161 individuals with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) were randomised to Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) or conventional therapy with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and evaluated over 16 months. We estimated the association between time spent in hypoglycaemia and various mean glucose and HbA1c levels.</p> <p> </p> <p><b><i>Results: </i></b>Time spent in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/L and <3.0 mmol/L) increased significantly with lower mean HbA1c and mean glucose levels during both CGM and conventional therapy. During CGM, 24 (57.1%) individuals with HbA1c <7.5 % (<58 mmol/mol) had <1.0% time spent in hypoglycaemia <3.0 mmol/L and 23 (54.8%) had <4.0% time spent in hypoglycaemia <3.9 mmol/L. During CGM, mean time spent in hypoglycaemia for individuals with mean HbA1c 7.0% (52 mmol/mol) was estimated to be 5.4% for <3.9 mmol/L and 1.5% for <3.0 mmol/L. The corresponding values during SMBG were 9.2% and 3.5%, respectively. Individuals with mean glucose levels of 8 mmol/L spent 4.9% more time with glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L and 2.8% more time <3.0 mmol/L during SMBG compared with CGM.</p> <p> </p> <p><b><i>Conclusions: </i></b>Reaching current targets for time in hypoglycaemia and at the same time HbA1c targets is challenging for type 1 diabetes patients treated with MDI both with CGM and SMBG monitoring. However, CGM is associated with considerably less time in hypoglycaemia than SMBG at a broad range of HbA1c levels and is crucial for patients with MDI treatment to have a chance to approach hypoglycaemia targets.</p>



2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilan Seyed Ahmadi ◽  
Klara Westman ◽  
Aldina Pivodic ◽  
Arndís F Ólafsdóttir ◽  
Sofia Dahlqvist ◽  
...  

<b><i>Objective: </i></b>According to recent guidelines, individuals with type 1 diabetes should spend less than 4.0% per day with glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL) and less than 1.0% per day <3.0 mmol/L (<54 mg/dL). <p><b><i><br> Research methods: </i></b>In the GOLD randomised cross-over trial, 161 individuals with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) were randomised to Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) or conventional therapy with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and evaluated over 16 months. We estimated the association between time spent in hypoglycaemia and various mean glucose and HbA1c levels.</p> <p> </p> <p><b><i>Results: </i></b>Time spent in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/L and <3.0 mmol/L) increased significantly with lower mean HbA1c and mean glucose levels during both CGM and conventional therapy. During CGM, 24 (57.1%) individuals with HbA1c <7.5 % (<58 mmol/mol) had <1.0% time spent in hypoglycaemia <3.0 mmol/L and 23 (54.8%) had <4.0% time spent in hypoglycaemia <3.9 mmol/L. During CGM, mean time spent in hypoglycaemia for individuals with mean HbA1c 7.0% (52 mmol/mol) was estimated to be 5.4% for <3.9 mmol/L and 1.5% for <3.0 mmol/L. The corresponding values during SMBG were 9.2% and 3.5%, respectively. Individuals with mean glucose levels of 8 mmol/L spent 4.9% more time with glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L and 2.8% more time <3.0 mmol/L during SMBG compared with CGM.</p> <p> </p> <p><b><i>Conclusions: </i></b>Reaching current targets for time in hypoglycaemia and at the same time HbA1c targets is challenging for type 1 diabetes patients treated with MDI both with CGM and SMBG monitoring. However, CGM is associated with considerably less time in hypoglycaemia than SMBG at a broad range of HbA1c levels and is crucial for patients with MDI treatment to have a chance to approach hypoglycaemia targets.</p>



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