scholarly journals Do prey select for vacant hunting domains to minimize a multi‐predator threat?

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1724-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel T. Kohl ◽  
Toni K. Ruth ◽  
Matthew C. Metz ◽  
Daniel R. Stahler ◽  
Douglas W. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predator Threat

Defensive Responses to Predator Threat in the Rat and Mouse

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Caroline Blanchard ◽  
Robert J. Blanchard ◽  
Guy Griebel
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predator Threat

Information Transfer across Fish Shoals under Predator Threat

Ethology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Magurran ◽  
Anthony Higham
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Predator Threat

scholarly journals Impact of continuous predator threat on telomere dynamics in parent and nestling pied flycatchers

Oecologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiia Kärkkäinen ◽  
Pauliina Teerikorpi ◽  
Bineet Panda ◽  
Samuli Helle ◽  
Antoine Stier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Telomere Maintenance ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Ageing Rate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Perceived Predation Risk ◽  
Telomere Dynamics ◽  
Predator Threat

Abstract In addition to direct mortality, predators can have indirect effects on prey populations by affecting prey behaviour or physiology. For example, predator presence can increase stress hormone levels, which can have physiological costs. Stress exposure accelerates the shortening of telomeres (i.e. the protective caps of chromosomes) and shorter telomeres have been linked to increased mortality risk. However, the effect of perceived predation risk on telomeres is not known. We investigated the effects of continuous predator threat (nesting Eurasian pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum) on telomere dynamics of both adult and partially cross-fostered nestling pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in the wild. Females nesting at owl-inhabited sites showed impaired telomere maintenance between incubation and chick rearing compared to controls, and both males and females ended up with shorter telomeres at owl-inhabited sites in the end of chick rearing. On the contrary, both original and cross-fostered chicks reared in owl sites had consistently longer telomeres during growth than chicks reared at control sites. Thus, predation risk may cause a long-term cost in terms of telomeres for parents but not for their offspring. Predators may therefore affect telomere dynamics of their preys, which could have implications for their ageing rate and consequently for population dynamics.

scholarly journals Predator–prey interactions in a changing world: humic stress disrupts predator threat evasion in copepods

Oecologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Santonja ◽  
Laetitia Minguez ◽  
Mark O. Gessner ◽  
Erik Sperfeld
Keyword(s):  
Predator Prey ◽  
Predator Threat ◽  
Changing World

The wolf spider Pardosa milvina detects predator threat level using only vibratory cues

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Sitvarin ◽  
Shira D. Gordon ◽  
George W. Uetz ◽  
Ann L. Rypstra
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Pardosa Milvina ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Predator Threat

Predators may inadvertently signal their presence and threat level by way of signals in multiple modalities. We used a spider, Pardosa milvina, known to respond adaptively to chemotactile predator cues (i.e., silk, faeces and other excreta) to evaluate whether it could also discriminate predation risk from isolated vibratory cues. Vibrations from its prey, conspecifics, and predators (Tigrosa helluo and Scarites quadriceps) were recorded and played back to Pardosa. In addition, we recorded predator vibrations with and without access to chemotactile cues from Pardosa, indicating the presence of prey. Pardosa did not appear to discriminate between vibrations from prey or conspecifics, but the response to predators depended on the presence of cues from Pardosa. Vibrations from predators with access to chemotactile cues from prey induced reductions in Pardosa activity. Predator cues typically occur in multiple modalities, but prey are capable of imperfectly evaluating predation risk using a limited subset of information.

Neighbour density, body size and anti-predator hiding time in the New Zealand mud-crab Austrohelice crassa

2010 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Guerra-Bobo ◽  
T.E. Brough
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Behavioural Strategy ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Risk Dilution ◽  
Predator Behaviour ◽  
Predator Threat

Many preys retreat into a refuge as a response to the presence of a predator, a behavioural strategy which guarantees safety but is also costly due to a trade-off between hiding time and time spent in other essential activities. The balance between costs and benefits of hiding, which are influenced by different factors, determine the hiding duration. In a field experiment, the anti-predator behaviour of the mud crab Austrohelice crassa was studied to assess the effects of two factors, body size and neighbour density, on the time spent hiding in burrows following a predator threat. Hiding times, body size (estimated from burrow diameter) and neighbour density (number of other burrows within a 30 cm radius) were measured for 158 individual crabs during a snorkelling survey. Regression analyses showed that hiding time of individual crabs significantly increased with increasing body size, and decreased with increasing neighbour density. These trends are the result of three main selective pressures: size-biased predation risk, dilution of predation in dense clusters of burrows, and more intense competition in dense clusters. Variation among individual crabs probably reflects differences in the balance between costs and benefits for crabs differing in body size and neighbour density.

scholarly journals The divergent effects of CDPPB and cannabidiol on fear extinction and anxiety in a predator scent stress model of PTSD in rats.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shallcross ◽  
Peter Hamor ◽  
Allison Bechard ◽  
Madison Romano ◽  
Lori Knackstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Startle Response ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Predator Threat

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder with no clear FDA-approved treatments that reduce symptoms in the majority of patients. PTSD individuals possess an impaired capacity for extinguishing fear memory associations. As such, considerable focus has been given to the development of extinction-enhancing pharmacological agents to be used in combination with PTSD treatments. Here we use a predator-threat animal model of PTSD to test the ability of two compounds to enhance contextual fear extinction and reduce anxiety. Mirroring the heterogeneity observed in human response to trauma, an exposure to predator threat, including the fox odor TMT, have been shown to induce long-term changes in anxiety behavior in only subsets of susceptible rats. Here, two weeks following a ten-minute exposure to a predator odor, rats were classified into stress-Susceptible (Sus) and stress-Resilient (Res) phenotypes using cut-off behavioral criteria for elevated plus maze and acoustic startle response performance. One week following classification, Sus rats underwent three days of context fear extinction. We found that Sus rats increased freezing from day one to day two. Treatment with the mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator CDPPB, but not the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), prior to sessions resulted in reduced freezing. CDPPB administration resulted in an increase of Fos immunoreactive cells in the medial prefrontal cortex, indicative of increased neuronal activity. Finally, we used the light-dark box test to measure phenotypic differences and the effects of CDPPB and CBD on unconditioned anxiety two weeks after classification. We found that Res rats showed less anxiety compared to Sus rats, and that CBD, but not CDPPB, administered prior to testing was anxiolytic in Sus rats. Taken together, the present data indicate that mGlu5 PAMs such as CDPPB hold promise for treating human PTSD patients as they enhance extinction of fear without increasing general anxiety. Polytherapy with medications such as CBD may be necessary in order to attenuate general anxiety and future directions will explore this hypothesis.

Predator threat, copulation effort and immunity in male rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2005 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hõrak ◽  
L. Tummeleht ◽  
H. Talvik
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Predator Threat

Cannabidiol blocks long-lasting behavioral consequences of predator threat stress: Possible involvement of 5HT1A receptors

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1501-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alline Cristina Campos ◽  
Frederico Rogério Ferreira ◽  
Francisco Silveira Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
5Ht1a Receptors ◽  
Predator Threat
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