scholarly journals Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1137-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Pearse ◽  
Eric LoPresti ◽  
Robert N. Schaeffer ◽  
William C. Wetzel ◽  
Kailen A. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence

scholarly journals Growing up aspen: ontogeny and trade-offs shape growth, defence and reproduction in a foundation species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T Cole ◽  
Clay J Morrow ◽  
Hilary L Barker ◽  
Kennedy F Rubert-Nason ◽  
Jennifer F L Riehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Extrafloral Nectaries ◽  
Foundation Species ◽  
Community Genetics ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sex Marker

Abstract Background and Aims Intraspecific variation in foundation species of forest ecosystems can shape community and ecosystem properties, particularly when that variation has a genetic basis. Traits mediating interactions with other species are predicted by simple allocation models to follow ontogenetic patterns that are rarely studied in trees. The aim of this research was to identify the roles of genotype, ontogeny and genotypic trade-offs shaping growth, defence and reproduction in aspen. Methods We established a common garden replicating >500 aspen genets in Wisconsin, USA. Trees were measured through the juvenile period into the onset of reproduction, for growth, defence chemistry (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins), nitrogen, extrafloral nectaries, leaf morphology (specific leaf area), flower production and foliar herbivory and disease. We also assayed the TOZ19 sex marker and heterozygosity at ten microsatellite loci. Key Results We found high levels of genotypic variation for all traits, and high heritabilities for both the traits and their ontogenetic trajectories. Ontogeny strongly shaped intraspecific variation, and trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction supported some predictions while contradicting others. Both direct resistance (chemical defence) and indirect defence (extrafloral nectaries) declined during the juvenile stage, prior to the onset of reproduction. Reproduction was higher in trees that were larger, male and had higher individual heterozygosity. Growth was diminished by genotypic allocation to both direct and indirect defence as well as to reproduction, but we found no evidence of trade-offs between defence and reproduction. Conclusions Key traits affecting the ecological communities of aspen have high levels of genotypic variation and heritability, strong patterns of ontogeny and clear trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction. The architecture of aspen’s community genetics – its ontogeny, trade-offs and especially its great variability – is shaped by both its broad range and the diverse community of associates, and in turn further fosters that diversity.

scholarly journals Attraction of flower visitors to plants that express indirect defence can minimize ecological costs of ant–pollinator conflicts

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido ◽  
Betty Benrey ◽  
Martin Heil
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Extrafloral Nectaries ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Extrafloral Nectar ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Thousands of plant species throughout tropical and temperate zones secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) (see www.biosci.unl.edu/emeriti/keeler/extrafloral/worldlistfamilies.htm) to attract ants, whose presence leads to an indirect defence against herbivores (Chamberlain & Holland 2009, Heil 2008, Heil & McKey 2003, Rico-Gray & Oliveira 2007). Although termed ‘extrafloral’ because the nectar is not involved in pollination, EFN can also be secreted within the inflorescences (Bentley 1977, Holland et al. 2010, Martins 2009). Because ants tend to defend reliable food sources against all types of putative competitors, it has been hypothesized that the presence of extrafloral nectaries close to flowers may lead to competition among ants and pollinators, or even to direct ant–pollinator conflicts. Such antagonistic interactions would reduce the access of pollinators to flowers and, thereby, may cause significant ‘ecological costs’ of indirect, ant-mediated defences (Heil 2002).

Indirect Defence of Plants against Herbivores: UsingArabidopsis thalianaas a Model Plant

Plant Biology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. P. Poecke ◽  
M. Dicke
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Model Plant

scholarly journals Caterpillar feeding impairs an indirect defence: costs or strategy?

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Heil
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence

scholarly journals Comparing induction at an early and late step in signal transduction mediating indirect defence in Brassica oleracea

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2589-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bruinsma ◽  
B. Pang ◽  
R. Mumm ◽  
J. J. A. van Loon ◽  
M. Dicke
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Late Step

Plasticity in the expression of direct and indirect defence traits of young plants of Mallotus japonicus in relation to soil nutritional conditions

Plant Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 213 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yamawo ◽  
Noboru Katayama ◽  
Nobuhiko Suzuki ◽  
Yoshio Hada
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Mallotus Japonicus

scholarly journals Induced indirect defence in a lycaenid-ant association: the regulation of a resource in a mutualism

2000 ◽  
Vol 267 (1455) ◽  
pp. 1857-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag A. Agrawal ◽  
James A. Fordyce
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Ant Association

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal development of cuticular ridges on leaf surfaces of Hevea brasiliensis alters insect attachment

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201319
Author(s):  
Venkata A. Surapaneni ◽  
Georg Bold ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Marc Thielen
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Cuticular ridges on plant surfaces can control insect adhesion and wetting behaviour and might also offer stability to underlying cells during growth. The growth of the plant cuticle and its underlying cells possibly results in changes in the morphology of cuticular ridges and may also affect their function. We present spatial and temporal patterns in cuticular ridge development on the leaf surfaces of the model plant, Hevea brasiliensis . We have identified, by confocal laser scanning microscopy of polymer leaf replicas, an acropetally directed progression of ridges during the ontogeny of Hevea brasiliensis leaf surfaces. The use of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as a model insect species has shown that the changing dimensions of cuticular ridges on plant leaves during ontogeny have a significant impact on insect traction forces and act as an effective indirect defence mechanism. The traction forces of walking insects are significantly lower on mature leaf surfaces compared with young leaf surfaces. The measured walking traction forces exhibit a strong negative correlation with the dimensions of the cuticular ridges.

Induced indirect defence in a spider-plant system mediated by pericarpial nectaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1012
Author(s):  
Vanessa Stefani ◽  
Vinícius Nunes Alves ◽  
Denise Lange
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Spider Plant
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