Warning Signal Efficacy: Assessing the Effects of Color, Iridescence, and Time of Day in the Field

Ethology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 121 (9) ◽  
pp. 861-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly V. Pegram ◽  
Hanh A. Han ◽  
Ronald L. Rutowski
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signal ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Signal Efficacy

scholarly journals Trade-off between warning signal efficacy and mating success in the wood tiger moth

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossi Nokelainen ◽  
Robert H. Hegna ◽  
Joanneke H. Reudler ◽  
Carita Lindstedt ◽  
Johanna Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
White Males ◽  
Survival Selection ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Tiger Moth ◽  
Sexual Signalling ◽  
Colour Morphs

The coloration of species can have multiple functions, such as predator avoidance and sexual signalling, that directly affect fitness. As selection should favour traits that positively affect fitness, the genes underlying the trait should reach fixation, thereby preventing the evolution of polymorphisms. This is particularly true for aposematic species that rely on coloration as a warning signal to advertise their unprofitability to predators. Nonetheless, there are numerous examples of aposematic species showing remarkable colour polymorphisms. We examined whether colour polymorphism in the wood tiger moth is maintained by trade-offs between different functions of coloration. In Finland, males of this species have two distinct colour morphs: white and yellow. The efficacy of the warning signal of these morphs was tested by offering them to blue tits in the laboratory. Birds hesitated significantly longer to attack yellow than white males. In a field experiment, the survival of the yellow males was also higher than white males. However, mating experiments in the laboratory revealed that yellow males had lower mating success than white males. Our results offer an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism via trade-off between survival selection and mating success.

Effects of directionality, signal intensity, and short-wavelength components on iridescent warning signal efficacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly V. Pegram ◽  
Ronald L. Rutowski
Keyword(s):  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Signal Efficacy

scholarly journals To quiver or to shiver: increased melanization benefits thermoregulation, but reduces warning signal efficacy in the wood tiger moth

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1755) ◽  
pp. 20122812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Hegna ◽  
Ossi Nokelainen ◽  
Jonathan R. Hegna ◽  
Johanna Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Tiger Moth ◽  
Thermal Measurements ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Parasemia Plantaginis ◽  
Tiger Moths

Melanin production is often considered costly, yet beneficial for thermoregulation. Studies of variation in melanization and the opposing selective forces that underlie its variability contribute greatly to understanding natural selection. We investigated whether melanization benefits are traded off with predation risk to promote observed local and geographical variation in the warning signal of adult male wood tiger moths ( Parasemia plantaginis ). Warning signal variation is predicted to reduce survival in aposematic species. However, in P. plantaginis , male hindwings are either yellow or white in Europe, and show continuous variation in melanized markings that cover 20 to 90 per cent of the hindwing. We found that the amount of melanization increased from 40 to 59 per cent between Estonia (58° N) and north Finland (67° N), suggesting melanization carries thermoregulatory benefits. Our thermal measurements showed that more melanic individuals warmed up more quickly on average than less melanic individuals, which probably benefits flight in cold temperatures. With extensive field experiments in central Finland and the Alpine region, we found that more melanic individuals suffered increased predation. Together, our data suggest that warning signal efficiency is constrained by thermoregulatory benefits. Differences in relative costs and benefits of melanin probably help to maintain the geographical warning signal differences.

Cortisol Response to Stressful Task and Time of Day

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn J. Graven ◽  
Tracy A. Manners ◽  
James O. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Stressful Task

The Effect of Time of Day and Background Noise on a Recall Task

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette R. Panigutti
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Recall Task

How Do Time of Day and Activity Levels Influence Memory and Metacognitive Accuracy?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Bassili ◽  
William Kelemen
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Metacognitive Accuracy

Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia: The Role of Time of Day

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Louise Barrick ◽  
Philip D. Sloane ◽  
Madeline Mitchell ◽  
Christianna Williams ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms

The opposite effect of Time-of-Day on past and future events

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Szollosi ◽  
Mihaly Racsmany
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Future Events
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