The Effect of Urban Containment and Mandatory Housing Elements on Racial Segregation in Us Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000

A recent study by UC Berkeley's Othering & Belonging Institute (Menendian, Gailes, and Gambhir 2021) came to an astonishing conclusion: Of large metropolitan areas in the U.S., 81% have become more segregated over the period 1990-2019. This finding contradicts the recent sociological literature on changes in segregation in the U.S., which has generally found that racial residential segregation has slowly declined since the 1970s, especially between Blacks and Whites. The major question then is: What accounts for this difference? This paper answers this question in two parts. First, it shows that the preferred segregation measure of the Berkeley study, the “Divergence Index” (Roberto 2015), is identical to the Mutual Information Index M (Theil and Finizza 1971; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2009; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2011), a measure that is mechanically affected by changes in racial diversity. Given that the U.S. has become more diverse over the period 1990 to 2019, it is not surprising that this index shows increases in segregation. Second, by making use of a decomposition procedure developed in Elbers (2021), the paper shows that once the changes in segregation are decomposed into components that account for the changing racial diversity of the U.S., the findings are in line with the sociological literature. Residential racial segregation as a whole has declined modestly in most metropolitan areas of the U.S., although segregation has increased slightly when focusing on Asian Americans and Hispanics.

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Ecological Study of Variability in the Relationship between Liver Cancer Mortality and Racial Residential Segregation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9732

Author(s):

Amin Bemanian ◽

Laura Cassidy ◽

Raphael Fraser ◽

Purushottam Laud ◽

Kia Saeian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Liver Cancer ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Spatial Regression ◽

Racial Segregation ◽

The United States ◽

Hotspot Analysis ◽

Spatial Regression Analysis

Racial segregation has been identified as a predictor for the burden of cancer in several different metropolitan areas across the United States. This ecological study tested relationships between racial segregation and liver cancer mortality across several different metropolitan statistical areas in Wisconsin. Tract-level liver cancer mortality rates were calculated using cases from 2003–2012. Hotspot analysis was conducted and segregation scores in high, low, and baseline mortality tracts were compared using ANOVA. Spatial regression analysis was done, controlling for socioeconomic advantage and rurality. Black isolation scores were significantly higher in high-mortality tracts compared to baseline and low-mortality tracts, but stratification by metropolitan areas found this relationship was driven by two of the five metropolitan areas. Hispanic isolation was predictive for higher mortality in regression analysis, but this effect was not found across all metropolitan areas. This study showed associations between liver cancer mortality and racial segregation but also found that this relationship was not generalizable to all metropolitan areas in the study area.

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Impacts of Urban Containment Policies on the Spatial Structure of US Metropolitan Areas

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098011399594 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (16) ◽

pp. 3511-3536 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Myungje Woo ◽

Jean-Michel Guldmann

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Urban Containment

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Erratum to: Racial Segregation, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US Metropolitan Areas

Journal of Urban Health ◽

10.1007/s11524-011-9567-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 283-283

Author(s):

Amani M. Nuru-Jeter ◽

Thomas A. LaVeist

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Racial Segregation

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Transport Implications of Urban Containment Policies: A Study of the Largest Twenty-five US Metropolitan Areas

Urban Studies ◽

10.1080/00420980600838127 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

pp. 1879-1897 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Daniel A. Rodriguez ◽

Felipe Targa ◽

Semra A. Aytur

Keyword(s):

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Urban Containment

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Racial and socioeconomic segregation: An analysis of three Brazilian Metropolitan areas

10.31235/osf.io/5xv3y ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ernesto F. L. Amaral

Keyword(s):

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Racial Segregation ◽

Public Infrastructure ◽

Porto Alegre ◽

High School Degree ◽

The Core ◽

Nonwhite Population ◽

Socioeconomic Segregation ◽

Belo Horizonte ◽

The Relationship

Title in Portuguese: Segregação racial e socioeconômica: Uma análise de três áreas metropolitanas brasileirasAbstract: Brazil is characterized by racial and socioeconomic segregation. The objective of the research presented here is to analyze socioeconomic and racial segregation in three metropolitan areas (Recife, Belo Horizonte and Porto Alegre). Microdata from the 2000 Brazilian Census was used for this analysis, as well as maps produced for the selected areas by groups of census tracts (áreas de ponderação), using Geographic Information Systems techniques. In general, results indicate that among those areas with a majority of whites, a high proportion of the population holds at least high school degree. Moreover, the nonwhite population lives farther away from the core of the municipality, compared to whites. Finally, whites tend to live in less elevated areas with more public infrastructure and a greater availability of major roads. An improvement to this research could be the inclusion of spatial analysis and statistical models to better understand the relationship between race and socioeconomic indicators.Resumo: O Brasil é caracterizado por segregação racial e socioeconômica. O objetivo desta pesquisa é de analisar a segregação socioeconômica e racial em três áreas metropolitanas (Recife, Belo Horizonte e Porto Alegre). Microdados do Censo Demográfico do Brasil de 2000 foram usados para esta análise, assim como mapas produzidos para os locais selecionados por áreas de ponderação, utilizando técnicas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Em geral, os resultados indicam que em áreas com maioria da população branca, uma alta proporção da população possui pelo menos o ensino médio completo. Além disso, a população não-branca vive longe das áreas centrais do município, em comparação aos brancos. Finalmente, os brancos tendem a viver em áreas menos elevadas, com mais infraestrutura pública e maior disponibilidade de vias públicas principais. Um aperfeiçoamento desta pesquisa poderia ser a inclusão de análise espacial e modelos estatísticos para melhor entender a relação entre indicadores raciais e socioeconômicos.

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