Effect of Zinc Fertilization on Yield, Enzymatic Discoloration, Phenolic and Nitrogenous Constituents of Potato Tubers

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1878-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. MONDY ◽  
SUBHASH CHANDRA
2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Hara-Skrzypiec

Abstract Enzymatic discoloration of potato tubers initiated by mechanical impact bruising and the discoloration which appears after tuber cutting are crucial quality traits of the cultivated potato. The presented determination of blackspot bruise susceptibility includes evaluation of the trait with two impact methods - the rotating drum and the falling bolt. These two methods affect both the physical and the biochemical properties of tubers. Evaluation of the discoloration potential after tuber cutting (ED) is also discussed. Evaluating the discoloration potential of tubers is one of the most important points in determining potato quality.


2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
G. A. Mustafayeva

Scales (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) are the dangerous crop and park-ornamental plant pests. They reproduce very quickly and cause great harm to plants, sometimes even lead to their complete destruction. Scales suck juices from plants, cause premature drying, dying and falling off leaves, dry branches, deformation of leaves, fruits and shoots, reducing annual growth of plants. Therefore the fight with these pests is rather topical in the agriculture. In this connection in this work the analysis of bioecological peculiarities of oleander scale on the territory of Azerbaijan, and also the detection of species content of parasites and predators, which regulate their number is conducted. We will mark that oleander scales in the wild there are the entomophages are vermin and predators that reduce their quantity. For realization of biological fight against people we studied the bioenvironmental features of wreckers, and also educed specific composition of vermin and predators that regulate their quantity. In a biological fight against these wreckers, one of basic questions is study of specific composition of these entomophages. The faunistic material on entomophages of this pest was collected from different biocenosis; the researched works were conducted in the laboratory and field conditions in Azerbaijan. The advanced and research studies that we conducted gave an opportunity to educe entomophages oleander scale that inflicts an enormous damage to the agricultural cultures and park-decorative plants. The method of breeding of effective types of entomophages is studied in laboratory terms. Firstly the biology of oleander scale on Apsheron peninsula and in Guba Khachmazskii area was studied. The results of long-term studies showed that oleander scale, having distributed on Apsheron peninsula, on olive trees gives 3 generations. Only adult female animals and maggots of I and II age spend winter. Awakening of the scales on olives takes place in March-April. In II and III decade of April the male animals begin their flight. In Guba Khachmazskii area the biology of this scale, dwelling on oleander bush was studied. On this plant the scale gives 3 generations. Young female animals, and also maggots of I and II age winter. As a result of the works conducted the following entomophages of oleander scale were detected: predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisd, Chilocorus bipustulatus L., Chilocorus renupustulatus L; parasites: Aphytis chilensis Howаrd, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Graw, Encarsia aurantii (Howard). The habitat of Rhyzobius lophanthae is Australia. At the end of the last century of this predatory beetle left to California, from there left to Italy and in other Mediterranean countries. In 1947 by chance was left to Georgia (Abkhazia). Maybe these useful predators in Azerbaijan were from Georgia. For diluting the entomophages from the local indigenous fauna the potato tubers were used, on which firstly the oleander scales, and then road-beetles Rhyzobius lophanthae, Chilocorus bipustulatus reproduced themselves. In the laboratory conditions the methods of diluting of these Coccinellidae was developed. Thus, firstly the way of diluting parasites of oleander scale was studied and developed – Aphytis chilensis Howard, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Graw и Encarsia antantii (Howard). It was detected that predatory entomophage-chilocor in the natural conditions is ineffective, as their maggots and chrysalises are affected by other local parasites. In the laboratory conditions this beetle produce itself very well on the potato tubers, infected by oleander scale. However, we should note that among entomophage parasites Aphytis chilensis plays the huge role in destruction of scales. In dependence on the weather conditions this macrophage in the nature can give 3–4 generations. Also it was proved that beetle Rhyzobius lophanthae in the biological fight can be applied against all round scales. This predator is effective entomophage of oleander, olive scale, black pine-leaf scale, white peach scale, European fruit scale and cactus scale. In connection with this, Rhyzobius lophanthae can be applied in the biological fight against oleander scale and presently is irreplaceable and perspective entomophage. 


Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).


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