Many studies have shown both the CD28—D80/86 costimulatory pathway and the PD-1—PD-L1/L2 coinhibitory pathway to be important signals in modulating or decreasing the inflammatory profile in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or in a solid organ transplant setting. The importance of these two opposing pathways and their potential synergistic effect led our group to design a human fusion recombinant protein with CTLA4 and PD-L2 domains named HYBRI. The objective of our study was to determine the HYBRI binding to the postulated ligands of CTLA4 (CD80) and PD-L2 (PD-1) using the Surface Plasmon Resonance technique and to evaluate the in vivo HYBRI effects on two representative kidney inflammatory models—rat renal IRI and allogeneic kidney transplant. The Surface Plasmon Resonance assay demonstrated the avidity and binding of HYBRI to its targets. HYBRI treatment in the models exerted a high functional and morphological improvement. HYBRI produced a significant amelioration of renal function on day one and two after bilateral warm ischemia and on days seven and nine after transplant, clearly prolonging the animal survival in a life-sustaining renal allograft model. In both models, a significant reduction in histological damage and CD3 and CD68 infiltrating cells was observed. HYBRI decreased the circulating inflammatory cytokines and enriched the FoxP3 peripheral circulating, apart from reducing renal inflammation. In conclusion, the dual and opposite costimulatory targeting with that novel protein offers a good microenvironment profile to protect the ischemic process in the kidney and to prevent the kidney rejection, increasing the animal’s chances of survival. HYBRI largely prevents the progression of inflammation in these rat models.
Human liver stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles reduce injury in a model of normothermic machine perfusion of rat livers previously exposed to a prolonged warm ischemia
